Ngaphambi kweminyaka yama-2000s, imoto yokuthengisa enzima enanoma yini enye ngaphandle ukudluliselwa okwenziwa ngesandla kwakucishe kungezwakali. Kusukela lapho, isidingo sokusebenzisa umshini ozenzakalelayo (AMTs) siye sanda; kancane kancane ekuqaleni, ngokushesha okukhulu njengoba ubuchwepheshe buba bushelelezi futhi buthembekile.
Ama-Fleets aqala ukubona izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-AMTs: angasebenza kahle kakhulu kunebhukwana, kanye nabashayeli abasha, abangenalo ulwazi oluthe xaxa abangawasebenzisa, banwebe inqwaba yabantu abanekhono - izindiza zosizo ziyakujabulela ukwamukela uma kucatshangelwa ukushoda kwabashayeli.
Namuhla, ama-AMT acatshangelwe ezimotweni eziningi ezintsha eziphuma emgqeni wefekthri. Naphezu kwalokhu kuthambekela, nokho, amaloli athutha ngesandla asafiseleka emikhunjini eminingi.
“Sisasibona isidingo sokuthuthwa kwemishini ngesandla okuvela ezinhlotsheni zemikhumbi enamachibi okushayela anolwazi futhi ezicelweni ezithile ezifana nokudonsa kanzima noma isevisi enzima,” kusho u-Becky Parsons, umphathi wecebo lomkhiqizo we-clutch ku-Eaton Vehicle Group.
Ukuze unqume ukuthi ukuthuthwa ngesandla noma amaloli e-AMT afaneleka kakhulu, izimoto zemikhumbi zidinga ukucabangela izici ezihlukahlukene.
Okuyisisekelo kokucaciswa kokudlulisela
Ukuthumela okwenziwa mathupha kusengenza umqondo owengeziwe kwezinye izindiza. Lokhu kungaba njalo ngemikhumbi enechibi elikhulu labashayeli abanolwazi abancamela ukushayela iloli elifakwe i-clutch pedal kune-AMT, noma izindiza izimoto zazo ezisetshenziswa emijikelezweni yomsebenzi oweqisayo.
Izicelo ezosetshenziswa iloli kungenye yezinto ezicatshangelwayo ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho kucaciswa ukuhanjiswa. Lokhu kungabaluleka ikakhulukazi njengoba amanye ama-AMT anqunyelwe ukuthi ingakanani itorque angakwazi ukuyiphatha.
"Amakhasimende kumele abheke ukuthi amaloli azongena kusiphi isicelo," kusho uChad Seth, umqondisi wezokuthengisa amaloli eRihm Kenworth. “Ngokukhethekile, iloli elidonsa indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu noma indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu ingase idinge uhlobo oluthile lwe-AMT noma iye ekudluliseni [okuzenzakalelayo] kwe-Allison ngokugcwele ngenxa yegiya eliphansi elidingekayo. Amanye ama-AMT anamandla alinganiselwe we-torque kuphela. ”
Lapho i-AMT ingakwazi kuphela ukwamukela isilinganiso setorque esiphezulu esingu-1,850 ft-lbs, ukudluliselwa kwe-18-speed manual kungaphatha kufika ku-2,050 ft-lbs, kusho u-Seth.
Iningi lemikhumbi engenazo izidingo zetorque ngokwedlulele, nokho, lingalindela ukubona ukuthuthuka cishe kuwo wonke amamethrikhi asebenza kahle ngokwenza ushintsho lusuka ekudluliselweni mathupha luye kuma-AMT. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abashayeli - abanolwazi noma abangenalo - bangakwazi ukusizakala kalula ngezici ezinikezwa yi-AMTs ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.
“Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-AMT namabhukwana ukuthi ngama-AMTs, izici ezengeziwe nemisebenzi inganikezwa iloli i-OEM ezindaweni ezibucayi zokuphendula, ukusebenza, nokusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli,” kuphawula u-Johan Agebrand, umqondisi wokuthengisa umkhiqizo kwaVolvo Trucks North America.
Ngokuqeqeshwa okufanele, izindiza zingalindela ukuthi abashayeli bazo abaningi basebenzise izici ze-AMT, ngakho-ke, bathuthukise ukusebenza, wengeza.
"Amaphesenti aphezulu angu-5 kuya kwangu-10 abashayeli bezandla angase angathuthuki kakhulu nge-AMT, kodwa amanye amaphesenti angu-90 kuya kwangu-95 ngokuqinisekile azokwenza," kusho u-Agebrand.
Uphinde waphawula ukuthi iVolvo inikeza insiza yokuhlela ekude evumela izindiza ukuthi zishintshe izilungiselelo zepharamitha kuma-Volvo AMTs ukuze ilungiselele iloli uhlelo oluthile.
“Lokhu kunengqondo uma izabelo zemikhumbi zihluka ngesisindo, isimo sendawo, nezinye izici,” kuchaza u-Agebrand. “Iloli ngalinye lingalungiselelwa ukuletha ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokushayelwa ngokususelwe esabelweni salo.”
Ezimeni lapho iloli lizogcina uhlelo lokusebenza olusethiwe isikhathi esiningi sempilo yalo, umkhumbi ungakhetha ukucacisa ukudluliswa kwalowo mjikelezo wemisebenzi ethile.
“Uma imoto yakho isetshenziswa i-OTR (emgwaqeni), qiniseka ukuthi i-AMT yakho icaciswe ngesivinini esizohlangana naso,” kusho uLen Copeland, umphathi wezokukhangisa kwemikhiqizo yakwaDetroit. “Kanjalo, uma uwuhlelo lokudonsa kanzima qinisekisa ukuthi umshini owuguqulile uklanyelwe ukubhekana nezisindo nezimo zokusebenza ozohlangabezana nazo. Ukukhetha i-AMT efanele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemikhumbi kanye nokwaneliseka kwabashayeli. "
Amanye ama-AMTs emisebenzi yezandla, ngokwesibonelo, anikela ngezici ezihlukile eziqondile emakethe yemisebenzi yezandla njengemodi engekho emgwaqeni kanye nemodi ye-rock-free.
Nakuba iningi lezimoto ezintsha zokuthengisa ezilethwayo zichazwe nge-AMTs, asekhona amaloli amaningi anama-manual emgwaqeni namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukubheka amamodeli amadala amaloli asasetshenziswa yimikhumbi. Lokho kusho ukuthi ochwepheshe bemikhumbi badinga ukuqeqeshwa ekunakekeleni nasekuseviseni womabili ama-AMTs kanye nokuhanjiswa okwenziwa ngesandla ngekusasa elibonakalayo.
Nakuba kunomehluko osobala phakathi kwalokhu okubili, ama-AMTs namabhukwana afana kakhulu nanokuthi angavela kuqala. Okunye ukufana okubaluleke kakhulu okufanele kugxilwe kakhulu eminyangweni yokunakekela izimoto yi-clutch.
Ukuhanjiswa Kwezimoto Zokuhweba
Ukusebenza kwe-clutch
Kumshayeli osebenzisa iloli elinomshini wokuhambisa ngesandla noma i-AMT, umehluko usobala: omunye une-clutch pedal kanti omunye akanawo. Ngokufana nokushayela iloli elinomshini ozishintshayo ngokugcwele, i-AMT idinga kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwe-accelerator nama-brake pedals. Kulapho ukufana kuphela, nokho; Ama-AMT afana kakhulu nebhukwana kune-othomathikhi endleleni asebenza ngayo ngomshini.
Ngokusho kwe-Allison Transmission, i-automatic transmission isebenzisa i-hydraulic torque converter ukuhlanganisa injini ku-transmission egiya iplanethi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-AMT isebenzisa u-gearbox ojwayelekile osebenza ngogesi noma we-pneumatic clutch actuation.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kweloli, njengokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo emotweni yabagibeli, kunikeza ukusheshisa okuqhubekayo, okuseduze njalo. I-AMT, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ishintsha njengeloli elijwayelekile lokuhambisa ngesandla lapho ukusheshisa kuma kancane ngenkathi ishintsha.
“Ngokwemishini, akukho mehluko [phakathi kwamamanuwali nama-AMTs],” kuchaza i-Agebrand yakwaVolvo. “Kodwa-ke, ku-AMT, amakhompiyutha emoto asebenzisa i-clutch eqhathanisa nomshayeli womuntu encwadini. Ama-algorithms kuma-AMT anamuhla mahle kangangokuthi uma kukhulunywa ngokushintsha kwangempela kanye nomthelela ku-clutch, i-AMT izokwenza ushintsho olungcono kakhulu lobuchwepheshe ngamaphesenti ayi-100 esikhathi.
Ama-AMTs asebenzisa imojula yokulawula kanye neswishi engumshini noma yomoya ukuze isebenze i-clutch ngokwayo, kusho uCopeland kaDetroit. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliselwa ukuthi kushintshe amagiya ngendlela efanele ngangokunokwenzeka. Amanye ama-AMT, wengeza, anikeza izindlela zokushayela eziningi ukusiza umshayeli ukuthi alawule ukuthi ukudluliselwa kushintshwa kanjani.
Ukushintsha kahle kakhulu ukuze uhlale usegiyeni elifanele njengoba kudingeka kusho ukuthi ama-AMT ashintsha njalo. Abakhiqizi bakucabangele lokhu ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-clutch ezihlukene kunalokho obekungasetshenziselwa i-clutch yokuhambisa ngesandla.
"Ama-Clutch Manual enziwe ngokwakhiwa kwe-semi-metallic kuyilapho ama-AMT esebenzisa i-organic fiber material ngoba ashintsha kaningi ngokusekelwe kumasu ahlukene okushintshashintsha, okudinga ukusebenzelana kwe-clutch okushelelayo nokungahlanganisi kunokuba i-clutch yensimbi inganikeza," kusho u-Copeland.
Ukuze izivikele ngokwengeziwe, isistimu ye-AMT ihlanganisa nesilinganiso sezinga lokushisa le-clutch, ngokusho kwe-Eaton's Parsons, esisebenzisayo ukugwema ukuguga ngokweqile kwe-clutch nezinye izingxenye ezihlobene.
Izinto ezihanjiswa ngesandla zivame ukuba nezinzwa ezimbalwa futhi zithembele kakhulu kumshayeli ukuze agweme ukushisa i-clutch nokudala ukuguga ngokweqile.
Ukugwema inhlekelele ye-clutch
Ukusebenzisa kabi kanye nokugcinwa ngendlela efanele yizimbangela ezimbili eziphambili zokwehluleka kwe-clutch ekudluliseni ngesandla. Ama-AMT asusa ukusebenzisana kwabantu okuqondile, ngakho ukusebenzisa kabi akuyona inkinga. Ukugcinwa okungalungile, nokho, kusengaholela ekwehlulekeni kwe-clutch ngisho naku-AMT.
Ukungayinakekeli kahle i-clutch yemoto kungase kuholele ekusheleleni, ekunyakazeni i-pedal actuation (yokuhambisa ngesandla), ukushisa ngokweqile, nokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kuphawula u-Steve Toninato, umqondisi wesevisi e-Rihm Kenworth.
Ukwehluleka kwe-clutch ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi noma ukulungiswa ngendlela engafanele, nokho, ngandlela thize ngomklamo. I-clutch kukho kokubili ukuhanjiswa okwenziwa ngesandla kanye nama-AMTs yakhelwe ukuba ibe indawo ebuthaka ohlelweni oluzoguga noma luphuke kuqala ukuze kuvikelwe ukudlulisela uqobo.
“Ukungalungiswa ngendlela efanele noma ukusebenza kwemoto kungadala ukuthi i-clutch iguge futhi iphuke,” kusho i-Agebrand yakwaVolvo. “Ezimweni ezinde noma ezimbi kakhulu, i-clutch yakhelwe ukuthi ingaphumeleli; uma kungenjalo, amagiya wangempela kanye nama-gear shafts ngaphakathi kokudluliselwa kuzophuka. Lokhu kuyafana kuwo womabili ama-AMTs namabhukwana.”
I-Detroit's Copeland iphawule ukuthi ukulungiswa kubalulekile njengoba izinkinga zokudlulisela zingaholela ezinkingeni ezisabalele zezimoto.
"Ukuhanjiswa okunganakekelwa kahle kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwe-cascading kuyo yonke i-powertrain," kuphawula u-Copeland. “Izindiza zingaba nempilo yesevisi enciphile, [ukuncipha] ukusebenza kahle, ukwehluleka kwe-clutch okukhulayo, nokushisa ngokweqile. Ngaso sonke isikhathi bheka imanuwali yakho ye-OEM yokulungisa ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi unakekela okokusebenza kwakho njengoba kunconyiwe ukusiza ukuvimbela lezi zinkinga.”
Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokugwema ukuhluleka kwe-clutch ukuqaphela izimpawu zenkinga eseduze. Abashayeli kanye nochwepheshe ngokufanayo kufanele babheke imikhondo yokuthi ukudluliswa kugcizelelwe. Ukudluliswa kwezandla nama-AMT kunikeza izexwayiso ezihlukene, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi kahle kokubili.
“Ngama-transmission ashintshwayo, abashayeli balahlekelwa 'umuzwa' ku-clutch pedal noma bangase bezwe ukugaya futhi babe nezinkinga lapho beqeda ukushintsha igiya,” kusho u-Agebrand.
Ukushelela okuphawulwe u-Toninato kungaba esinye inkomba esobala yenkinga ye-clutch, kuyilapho u-Copeland ethi abashayeli kufanele bakuqaphele ukushisa kwe-clutch - isici esingase sibonakale ngephunga elivuthayo, elisebenza kukho kokubili ukuthunyelwa kwezandla nama-AMTs.
I-Copeland iphinde yaphawula ukuthi ama-AMT amaningi afakwe inzwa yokushisa ye-clutch ezokwazisa umshayeli uma i-clutch ishisa kakhulu ukuze isebenze ngokuphephile. Ukwengeza, uma i-transmission ihluleka ukushintshela egiyeni ngokushelela lapho ushayela, lokhu kuyinkomba yenkinga ye-clutch.
"Ama-AMT ahlinzeka ngezixwayiso ngamakhodi anephutha nezixwayiso kumshayeli ukuze abonise isidingo sokuma futhi ahlole i-clutch," kwengeza uParsons.
Ubalule ukuthi uma umshayeli ethola isexwayiso noma isixwayiso ngesikhathi eqhuba imoto, umshayeli kufanele amise imoto ukuze ahlole i-clutch.
Ukuxilongwa nokulungiswa
Ukuhlonza izinkinga ze-clutch nakho kungahluka phakathi kokudluliswa kwesandla nama-AMT. Ngokuhambisa ngesandla, ukuzwa kwe-clutch pedal kanye nokuhlola okubukwayo yizindlela eziyinhloko zokuxilonga. Ama-AMT, nezinzwa zawo ezengeziwe, ngokuvamile azonikeza izexwayiso namakhodi amaphutha futhi angatholakala kalula ngethuluzi lokuskena kokuxilonga nesofthiwe.
Uma kuziwa ekulungiseni, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezishintshayo zekhwalithi ephezulu kuzo zombili izinhlobo zokudlulisela. Ngenkathi abakhiqizi bevame ukuncoma izingxenye zomkhiqizo we-OEM, izindiza zelulekwa ngokuqinile ukuthi okungenani zisebenzise izingxenye ezigunyazwe yi-OEM.
"I-Detroit incoma kakhulu ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezigunyazwe yifekthri kuyo yonke isevisi nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo yethu," kusho uCopeland. “Izingxenye ezigunyazwe yifekthri ngokuvamile ziyizingxenye ezifanayo nalezo ezafakwa ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwengxenye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izingxenye zinokuhlolwa okuqinile okufanayo kanye nezilawuli zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi njengezingxenye ezakhiwe efekthri yethu.”
“Uthola lokho okukhokhelayo,” kwengeza u-Toninato. Izingxenye ezinenani eliphezulu zivame ukuhlinzeka ngezinto ezingcono kanye nokufakwa kwewaranti engcono, okwenza kube nokufaneleka ukuchitha imali eyengeziwe ngaphambili ukugwema izinkinga ezingase zibe khona ngokuzayo.
Kuma-AMTs, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-clutch ehlanganiswe nohlelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza, kusho uParsons. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokuya ngokushayela, umsindo/ukudlidliza/ubukhali (NVH), ukunethezeka, nempilo ye-clutch.
Wengeze ngokuthi kuma-transmission manual, ukusebenzisa i-clutch efanele yohlelo kuqinisekisa impilo ende, ukushayela kahle nokusebenza kahle, kanye nokuzibandakanya okushelelayo.
"Kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza, uma i-clutch efanele ingasetshenziswa umugqa ophelele usengozini ngenxa yokudlidliza okukhulu," kusho uParsons. "Lokhu kusho ukuthi impilo yonke ye-driveline ingaba sengozini."
Imikhuba engcono kakhulu yokunakekela i-clutch
Izinkinga ze-clutch zingagwenywa, ikakhulukazi, ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezifanele zokuvimbela ukugcinwa. Kuzo zonke izimo, kubalulekile ukulandela izikhawu zokulungisa ezinconyiwe ngumkhiqizi.
“Okokuqala, hlala ulandela konke izikhawu zokulungisa ezishicilelwe zokudlulisela kwakho,” kugcizelela u-Copeland. “Ngezikhathi ezithile buyekeza wonke amapharamitha okusebenza amayunithi ambalwa emikhumbi yakho ukuze usize ukulungisa izikhathi zakho zokulungisa zihambisane nokusebenza kwemoto yakho. Ama-clutch adinga ukulungiswa njengoba egqoka; amanye ama-clutch adinga ukulungiswa ngesandla njengoba egqoka, kanti amanye anama-clutch azilungisayo.”
Umsebenzi wokuzilungisa - kuma-transmissions afakwe leso sici - uvumela i-clutch ukuthi ihlale isesimweni esihle kakhulu, wengeza.
Ngaphezu kokulungiswa okuvamile, ama-clutches adinga ukugcotshwa okuvamile.
"Kuzo zombili izinhlobo zama-clutch, izindiza zidinga ukugcina ukugcotshwa okufanele kwesistimu yokukhulula ukuze kugwenywe ukukhishwa kokugqoka," kuchaza uParsons.
Okokugcina, zombili izinhlobo zokudlulisela zidinga ukuthi uketshezi oludluliselayo lushintshwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Futhi, izimoto kufanele zibheke kumanuwali kagesi ngezikhathi ezinconyiwe.
Nakuba ingxenye yakhelwe ukuthi iguge futhi ingase idinge ukushintshwa, ukulandela lezi zinqubo ezihamba phambili kungasiza izindiza zithole ukuphila okuphezulu ekuhanjisweni kwazo mathupha kanye nama-clutch e-AMT.