Ngaphambi kwe-2000s yokuqala, isithuthi esinzima sorhwebo kunye nantoni na ngaphandle ukuhanjiswa ngesandla kwakuphantse ukuba akuvakale. Ukususela ngoko, imfuno ye-automated manual transmissions (AMTs) iye yanda; ngokuthe ngcembe ekuqaleni, emva koko ngokukhawuleza njengoko itekhnoloji yaba lula kwaye ithembekile.
Iiflethi zaqala ukubona iingenelo zokusebenzisa ii-AMTs: zinokusebenza ngakumbi kunencwadana yemigaqo, kunye nabaqhubi abatsha, abanamava angaphantsi banokuzisebenzisa, bandise i-pool yabaviwa abafanelekileyo - i-relief fleets iyakuvuyela ukwamkela ngokuqwalasela ukunqongophala komqhubi.
Namhlanje, ii-AMTs zixelwa kuninzi lwezithuthi ezitsha zorhwebo eziqengqelekayo kumgca wefektri. Ngaphandle kwalo mkhwa, nangona kunjalo, iilori zothumelo lwezandla zisanqweneleka kwiinqwelo ezininzi.
“Sisayibona imfuneko yothumelo lwezandla olusuka kwiinqanawa ezinamachibi okuqhuba anamava nakwizicelo ezithile ezifana nokurhuqa kakhulu okanye inkonzo eqatha,” utshilo u-Becky Parsons, umphathi wesicwangciso-qhinga semveliso yeclutch yehlabathi kwiQela le-Eaton Vehicle.
Ukugqiba ukuba ngaba ukuhanjiswa kwezandla okanye iilori ze-AMT zezona zifanelekileyo, iinqwelo zeenqwelo kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Usulelo spec'ing basics
Ugqithiso lwezandla lusenokwenza ingqiqo kwezinye iinqwelo. Oku kunokuba yimeko yeenqwelo zeenqwelo kunye nephuli enkulu yabaqhubi abanamava abakhetha ukuqhuba iloli exhotywe nge-clutch pedal kune-AMT, okanye iinqwelo zeenqwelo ezisetyenziselwa imijikelo yomsebenzi ogqithiseleyo.
Izicelo eziya kusetyenziswa ilori yenye yeyona ngqwalasela ibalulekileyo xa kusenziwa i-spe'ing transmission. Oku kunokuba yingozi ngakumbi kuba ezinye ii-AMTs zilinganiselwe ukuba zingakanani i-torque ezinokuyiphatha.
“Abathengi kufuneka bajonge ukuba zeziphi izicelo eziya kungena kuzo iilori,” utshilo uChad Seth, umlawuli wentengiso yelori eRihm Kenworth. Ngokukodwa, iloli edonsa i-end-dump okanye i-side-dump inokufuna uhlobo oluthile lwe-AMT okanye ihambe ngokupheleleyo [ngokuzenzekelayo] ukuhanjiswa kwe-Allison ngenxa yendlela ephantsi efunekayo. Ezinye ii-AMTs zinetorque elinganiselweyo kuphela. ”
Apho i-AMT inokuthi ikwazi ukufumana kuphela i-torque ephezulu ye-1,850 ft-lbs, i-18-speed manual transmission inokusingatha ukuya kwi-2,050 ft-lbs, u-Seth uthe.
Uninzi lweenqwelomoya ngaphandle kweemfuno ezigqithisileyo zetorque, nangona kunjalo, zinokulindela ukubona uphuculo phantse kuyo yonke i-metric esebenzayo ngokwenza utshintsho ukusuka kwi-manual transmissions ukuya kwi-AMTs. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala kwinto yokuba abaqhubi - abanamava okanye abangenawo - banokuthatha amathuba ngokulula kwiimpawu ze-AMTs ezinikezelayo ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
"Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-AMTs kunye ne-manuals kukuba kunye ne-AMTs, iimpawu ezininzi kunye nemisebenzi inokubonelelwa yi-OEM yeloli kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zokuphendula, ukusebenza, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha," utshilo uJohan Agebrand, umlawuli wentengiso yemveliso kwiVolvo Trucks North America.
Ngoqeqesho olufanelekileyo, iiflethi zinokulindela ngakumbi kubaqhubi bazo ukuba basebenzise iimpawu ze-AMT kwaye, ngoko ke, baphucule ukusebenza, wongezelela.
"I-5 ephezulu ukuya kwi-10 yeepesenti yabaqhubi bee-manual ayinakuphucula kakhulu nge-AMT, kodwa enye i-90 ukuya kwi-95 ipesenti ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuthi," kusho u-Agebrand.
Ukwaqaphele ukuba iVolvo ibonelela ngenkonzo yenkqubo ekude evumela iinqwelomoya ukuba zitshintshe useto lweparamitha kwiVolvo AMTs ukwenza ilori isebenze kwisicelo esithile.
“Oku kuyavakala ukuba izabelo zezithuthi ziyahluka ngokobunzima, ubume bendawo, kunye nezinye izinto,” ucacise watsho uAgebrand. "Ilori nganye inokulungiswa ukuze inikeze ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, imveliso, kunye nokuqhuba ngokusekwe kwisabelo sayo."
Kwiimeko apho ilori iya kugcina isicelo esiseti kuninzi lobomi bayo, izithuthi zingakhetha ukucacisa uthumelo lwaloo mjikelo womsebenzi othile.
"Ukuba isithuthi sakho siqhutywa nge-OTR (endleleni), qiniseka ukuba i-AMT yakho ichaziwe kwizantya zendlela eza kudibana nazo," utshilo uLen Copeland, umphathi wentengiso yemveliso yaseDetroit. “Kwangokunjalo, ukuba usisicelo esinzima qinisekisa ukuba uthumelo olukhethiweyo lwenzelwe ukuphatha iintsimbi kunye neemeko zokusebenza eza kudibana nazo. Ukukhetha i-AMT efanelekileyo kubalulekile kwimisebenzi yezithuthi kunye nokwaneliseka kwabaqhubi. "
Ngokomzekelo, ezinye ii-AMTs zemisebenzi, zibonelela ngeempawu ezizodwa kwiimarike zemisebenzi enjengendlela engekho endleleni kunye nemo yokungena rock.
Ngelixa uninzi lwezithuthi ezitsha zorhwebo eziziswayo zixelwa ngee-AMTs, kusekho iilori ezininzi ezinothumelo lwezandla endleleni namhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukunika ingxelo kwiimodeli zelori ezindala ezisaqhutywa ziinqwelo. Oko kuthetha ukuba amagcisa ezithuthi kufuneka aqeqeshwe ekugcineni nasekunikezeleni iinkonzo zombini ii-AMTs kunye nothumelo lwezandla kwikamva elibonakalayo.
Nangona kukho ukungafani okubonakalayo phakathi kwezi zimbini, ii-AMTs kunye neencwadana zifana kakhulu kunokuba zinokubonakala kuqala. Enye yezona zinto zifana zibalulekileyo ekufuneka kugxilwe kuzo kumasebe olondolozo lwezithuthi yi-clutch.
UThutho lwesiThuthi soRhwebo
Ukusebenza kwe-clutch
Kumqhubi osebenzisa iloli nge-manual transmission okanye i-AMT, umahluko ucacile: omnye une-clutch pedal kwaye enye ayinayo. Ngokufana nokuqhuba ilori enokuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, i-AMT ifuna kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwe-accelerator kunye ne-brake pedals. Kulapho ukufana kuphela, nangona kunjalo; Ii-AMTs zifana kakhulu nencwadana kunothumelo oluzenzekelayo kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo ngoomatshini.
Ngokuka-Allison Transmission, uthumelo oluzenzekelayo lisebenzisa i-hydraulic torque converter ukudibanisa i-injini kwi-transmission ejoliswe kwiplanethi. I-AMT, kwelinye icala, isebenzisa igiya yegiya eqhelekileyo enombane okanye ipneumatic clutch actuation.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo kwilori, njengokuhanjiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwimoto yabahambi, ibonelela ngokuzinzileyo, ukukhawulezisa okukufutshane. I-AMT, kwelinye icala, itshintsha njengelori yothumelo oluqhelekileyo apho isantya sinqumama ngelixa sitshintsha.
“Ngoomatshini, akukho mahluko [phakathi kweemanyuwali kunye nee-AMTs],” yacacisa iAgebrand yakwaVolvo. “Nangona kunjalo, kwi-AMT, iikhomputha zesithuthi zisebenzisa i-clutch xa zithelekiswa nomqhubi womntu kwincwadi yemigaqo. Ii-algorithms kwii-AMTs zanamhlanje zilungile kangangokuba xa kufikwa kolona tshintsho kunye nefuthe kwi-clutch, i-AMT iya kwenza utshintsho olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi ngokweepesenti ezili-100 zelo xesha.
Ii-AMTs zisebenzisa imodyuli yolawulo kunye nokutshintsha komatshini okanye kwepneumatic ukuze kusebenze i-clutch ngokwayo, utshilo uCopeland kaDetroit. Oku kuvumela ukuhanjiswa kokutshintsha iigiya ngokufanelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ezinye ii-AMTs, wongezelela, zibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zokuqhuba ukunceda umqhubi ahlale ekulawuleni indlela ukuhanjiswa kokutshintsha.
Ukushifta ngokufanelekileyo ukuze uhlale ukwisixhobo esichanekileyo njengoko kuyimfuneko kuthetha ukuba ii-AMTs zitshintsha rhoqo. Abavelisi bakuthathele ingqalelo oku ngokusebenzisa imathiriyeli ye-clutch eyahlukileyo kunento ebeya kusetyenziselwa yona ngokwesiko kwi-clutch yokuhambisa ngesandla.
"Iintambo zezandla zenziwe nge-semi-metallic composition ngelixa ii-AMTs zisebenzisa i-organic fiber material ngenxa yokuba zitshintsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutshintsha, ezifuna ukubandakanya i-clutch epholileyo kunye nokuchithwa kunokuba i-clutch yensimbi inokunikela," kusho uCopeland.
Ukuze izikhusele ngakumbi, inkqubo ye-AMT ikwabandakanya uqikelelo lobushushu be-clutch, ngokwe-Eaton's Parsons, eyisebenzisayo ukuthintela ukuguga okugqithisileyo kwi-clutch nezinye izinto ezinxulumeneyo.
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Manual kudla ngokuba ne-sensor ezimbalwa kwaye kuxhomekeke ngakumbi kumqhubi ukunqanda ukutshisa i-clutch kunye nokudala ukunxiba okugqithisileyo.
Ukunqanda intlekele ye-clutch
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nokugcinwa okungafanelekanga zimbini zezona zizathu ziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwe-clutch kwi-manual transmission. Ii-AMTs zisusa ukusebenzisana kwabantu ngokuthe ngqo, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kakubi kuncinci. Ukugcinwa okungafanelekanga, nangona kunjalo, kusenokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-clutch nakwi-AMT.
Ukungagcini ngokufanelekileyo i-clutch yesithuthi kunokukhokelela ekutyibilikeni, ukunyovwa okuqinileyo (ukuhambisa ngesandla), ubushushu obugqithisileyo, nokusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha, utshilo uSteve Toninato, umalathisi wenkonzo eRihm Kenworth.
Ukusilela kweclutch ngenxa yokusetyenziswa gwenxa okanye ulondolozo olungafanelekanga, nangona kunjalo, ngandlel’ ithile luyilo. I-clutch kuzo zombini i-manual transmissions kunye ne-AMTs yenzelwe ukuba ibe yindawo ebuthathaka kwinkqubo eya kuguga okanye iphule kuqala ukuze ikhusele ukuhanjiswa ngokwayo.
“Ukugcinwa ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ukusebenza kwesithuthi kunokubangela ukuba iclutch yonakale kwaye yophuke,” yatsho iAgebrand yakwaVolvo. "Kwiimeko ezinde okanye ezigqithisileyo, i-clutch yenzelwe ukusilela; ngaphandle koko, iigiyeri ezizizo kunye neeshafts ezingaphakathi kwi-transmission ziya kuphuka. Oku kuyafana kuzo zombini ii-AMTs kunye neencwadana.
I-Detroit's Copeland yaqaphela ukuba ukugcinwa kubalulekile kuba imiba yothutho inokukhokelela kwiingxaki zezithuthi ezibanzi.
“Ugqithiso olungagcinwanga ngendlela efanelekileyo lunokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwesantya kuyo yonke i-powertrain,” utshilo uCopeland. “Iinqwelo-moya zinokuba namava okuhla kobomi benkonzo, [ukwehla] ukusebenza kakuhle, ukoyisakala kweclutch okwandileyo, kunye nokutshisa kakhulu. Ngalo lonke ixesha ubhekisele kwincwadana yakho ye-OEM yogcino ukuze uqiniseke ukuba uzigcina izixhobo zakho njengoko kucetyiswa ukuba uthintele le miba. ”
Iimpawu ezilumkisayo
Inyathelo lokuqala lokuthintela ukusilela kwe-clutch kukuziphaphela iimpawu zengxaki ezayo. Abaqhubi kunye neengcali ngokufanayo kufuneka bajonge imikhondo yokuba usasazo lugxininisiwe. Ukuhanjiswa ngesandla kunye nee-AMTs zibonelela ngezilumkiso ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba wazi kakuhle kuzo zombini.
“Ngokuhanjiswa kwezandla, abaqhubi bafumana ilahleko 'yokuziva' kwi-clutch pedal okanye banokuva ukucola kwaye bafumane iingxaki ekugqibezeleni ukutshintshwa kwegiya," utshilo u-Agebrand.
U-Toninato uqaphele ukutyibilika kunokuba sesinye isalathisi esicacileyo somba we-clutch, ngelixa u-Copeland wathi abaqhubi kufuneka baqaphele ubushushu be-clutch - into enokuthi ibonakale ngokucacileyo ngevumba elivuthayo, elisebenza kuzo zombini ii-AMTs ezithunyelwa ngesandla kunye nee-AMTs.
I-Copeland iphinde yaphawula ukuba ezininzi ze-AMTs zixhotyiswe nge-clutch sensor yokushisa eya kwazisa umqhubi xa i-clutch ishushu kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo. Ukongeza, ukuba ukuhanjiswa kusilele ukutshintshela kwigiya ngokutyibilikayo xa uqhuba, luphawu olunokwenzeka lomba we-clutch.
"I-AMTs inikezela ngezilumkiso ngeekhowudi eziphosakeleyo kunye nezilumkiso kumqhubi ukubonisa isidingo sokumisa nokuhlola i-clutch," uParsons wongezelela.
Uqaphele ukuba umqhubi ufumana isilumkiso okanye isilumkiso ngelixa eqhuba isithuthi, umqhubi kufuneka amise isithuthi ukuze ahlole i-clutch.
Ukuxilongwa kunye nokulungiswa
Ukuxilonga imiba ye-clutch kunokwahluka ngandlel' ithile phakathi kothumelo lwezandla kunye nee-AMTs. Ukuhanjiswa kwe-manual, i-clutch pedal feel kunye nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo zezona ndlela ziphambili zokuxilonga. Ii-AMTs, ezinezinzwa zazo ezongezelelweyo, ziya kubonelela ngezilumkiso kunye neekhowudi zeempazamo kwaye zinokufunyaniswa ngokulula ngesixhobo sokuxilonga kunye nesoftware.
Xa kuziwa ekulungiseni, kunyanzelekile ukuba kusetyenziswe iindawo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zokutshintsha kuzo zombini iindidi zothumelo. Ngelixa abavelisi bethanda ukucebisa amacandelo ebhrendi ye-OEM, iinqwelomoya zicetyiswa ngamandla ukuba ubuncinane zisebenzise iindawo ezivunyiweyo ze-OEM.
"UDetroit uncoma kakhulu ukusebenzisa iinxalenye ezivunyiweyo zefektri kuyo yonke inkonzo kunye nokugcinwa kweemveliso zethu," utshilo uCopeland. “Iindawo ezivunyiweyo ngumzi-mveliso zidla ngokufana naleyo yafakwa kulwakhiwo lokuqala lwecandelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amalungu anovavanyo olungqongqo olufanayo kunye nolawulo loqinisekiso lomgangatho njengeendawo ezakhiwe kumzi-mveliso wethu. ”
“Ufumana oko ukuhlawulelayo,” wongeze watsho uToninato. Amalungu amaxabiso aphezulu akholisa ukubonelela ngemathiriyeli engcono kunye nokhuseleko olungcono lwewaranti, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kukufanele ukuchitha ngaphezulu ngaphambili ukunqanda imiba enokubakho kwixa elizayo.
Kwii-AMTs, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-clutch ehlanganiswe nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza, utshilo uParsons. Oku kunokubonwa ngokubhekiselele kwi-driveability, ingxolo / vibration / harshness (NVH), induduzo, kunye nobomi be-clutch.
Wongeze ukuba ukuhanjiswa ngesandla, ukusebenzisa i-clutch echanekileyo kwisicelo kuqinisekisa ubomi obude, ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuzibandakanya okugudileyo.
"Kuzo zombini izicelo, ukuba i-clutch echanekileyo ayisetyenziswanga i-driveline iyonke isengozini ngenxa yokungcangcazela okugqithisileyo," utshilo uParsons. "Oku kuthetha ukuba ubomi bubonke bendlela yokuqhuba buya kuba semngciphekweni."
Iindlela ezingcono zogcino lweclutch
Imiba ye-clutch inokuphetshwa, ubukhulu becala, ngokuphumeza iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela. Kuzo zonke iimeko, kubalulekile ukulandela amaxesha acetyiswayo olondolozo.
“Okokuqala nokuphambili, soloko ulandela zonke Amathuba olondolozo apapashiweyo wosulelo lwakho,” wagxininisa uCopeland. "Hlaziya rhoqo zonke iiparameters zokusebenza kwiiyunithi ezimbalwa ngaphakathi kwenqanawa yakho ukunceda ukulungelelanisa amaxesha akho olondolozo kwimisebenzi yemoto yakho. Iiclutch zifuna ukulungiswa njengoko zinxiba; ezinye iintambo zifuna ukulungiswa ngesandla njengoko zinxiba, kwaye ezinye zineentambo zokuzilungisa.”
Umsebenzi wokuzilungisa - ekuhanjisweni okuxhotyiswe ngeso sici - ivumela i-clutch ukuba ihlale ihleli kuhlengahlengiso oluphambili, wongezelela.
Ukongeza kuhlengahlengiso oluqhelekileyo, ii-clutches zifuna i-lubrication rhoqo.
"Kuzo zombini iintlobo ze-clutch, ii-flets kufuneka zigcine i-lubrication efanelekileyo yenkqubo yokukhululwa ukuphepha ukukhulula ukunxiba," kuchaza uParsons.
Okokugqibela, zombini iindidi zothumelo zifuna ukuba ulwelo losasazo lutshintshwe ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo. Kwakhona, iinqwelo-mafutha kufuneka zibhekiselele kwincwadana yothumelo ngezithuba ezicetyiswayo.
Ngelixa icandelo lenzelwe ukunxiba kwaye ekugqibeleni linokufuna ukutshintshwa, ukulandela ezi ndlela zilungileyo kunokunceda iiflethi zifumane ubomi obuninzi kuthumelo lwazo lwezandla kunye neeclutch ze-AMT.