Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, galimoto yamalonda yolemetsa yokhala ndi china chilichonse kupatulapo kutumiza pamanja zinali pafupifupi zosamveka. Kuyambira pamenepo, kufunikira kwa ma automated manual transmissions (AMTs) kwawonjezeka; pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndiye mwamsanga pamene teknoloji inakhala yosalala komanso yodalirika.
Ma Fleets anayamba kuona ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito ma AMTs: akhoza kukhala opambana kuposa buku, kuphatikizapo madalaivala atsopano, osadziŵa zambiri angathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito, kukulitsa dziwe la anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wochita bwino - zombo zothandizira zimakondwera kukumbatira poganizira za kuchepa kwa dalaivala.
Masiku ano, ma AMTs amatchulidwa pa magalimoto ambiri atsopano omwe akutuluka mu fakitale. Ngakhale izi zili choncho, magalimoto otumiza pamanja akadali ofunikira kwa zombo zambiri.
"Tikuwonabe kufunikira kwa ma transmissions apamanja kuchokera ku zombo zokhala ndi madalaivala odziwa zambiri komanso ntchito zina monga kunyamula katundu wolemera kapena ntchito yoopsa," atero a Becky Parsons, woyang'anira njira zapadziko lonse za clutch product ku Eaton Vehicle Group.
Kuti mudziwe ngati magalimoto otumiza pamanja kapena magalimoto a AMT ndi omwe ali oyenerera bwino, mabwato amayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo.
Zofunikira pakutumiza
Kutumiza kwapamanja kumatha kukhala komveka bwino pamagalimoto ena. Izi zitha kukhala choncho kwa zombo zokhala ndi madalaivala odziwa zambiri omwe amakonda kuyendetsa galimoto yokhala ndi clutch pedal m'malo mwa AMT, kapena zombo zomwe magalimoto awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso.
Ntchito zomwe galimotoyo idzagwiritse ntchito ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwunika kufalikira. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa ma AMTs ena amakhala ochepa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito torque.
"Makasitomala akuyenera kuyang'ana momwe magalimoto angagwiritsire ntchito," atero a Chad Seth, mkulu wa zogulitsa zamagalimoto ku Rihm Kenworth. "Mwachindunji, galimoto yomwe imakoka dambo kapena dambo lakumbali ingafunike mtundu wina wa AMT kapena kupita kumayendedwe [odziwikiratu] a Allison chifukwa chocheperako. Ma AMT ena amakhala ndi ma torque ochepa okha. ”
Kumene AMT ingathe kukhala ndi ma torque okwana 1,850 ft-lbs, kutumiza kwa 18-speed manual transmission kumatha kufika 2,050 ft-lbs, Seth adatero.
Zombo zambiri zopanda kufunikira kwa torque, komabe, zitha kuyembekezera kuwona kusintha kwa pafupifupi ma metric onse ochita bwino posintha kusintha kuchokera pamanja kupita ku AMTs. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa madalaivala - odziwa kapena ayi - amatha kupezerapo mwayi pazinthu zomwe AMTs amapereka kuti azichita bwino.
"Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa AMTs ndi zolemba zamanja ndikuti ndi ma AMTs, zinthu zambiri ndi ntchito zimatha kuperekedwa ndi OEM yagalimoto m'malo ovuta kuyankha, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta," adatero Johan Agebrand, wotsogolera zamalonda ku Volvo Trucks North America.
Ndi maphunziro oyenera, ma zombo amatha kuyembekezera oyendetsa awo ambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe a AMT, motero, amawongolera magwiridwe antchito, anawonjezera.
"Pamwamba pa 5 mpaka 10 peresenti ya madalaivala apamanja sangasinthe kwambiri ndi AMT, koma ena 90 mpaka 95 peresenti atero," adatero Agebrand.
Ananenanso kuti Volvo imapereka pulogalamu yakutali yomwe imalola kuti magalimoto asinthe mawonekedwe pa Volvo AMTs kuti akwaniritse bwino galimotoyo kuti igwiritse ntchito.
"Izi zimakhala zomveka ngati ntchito za zombo zimasiyanasiyana kulemera kwake, malo, ndi zinthu zina," Agebrand anafotokoza. "Galimoto iliyonse imatha kupangidwa kuti ipereke mafuta oyenera, zokolola, komanso kuyendetsa bwino kutengera ntchito yake."
Ngati galimotoyo ikhalabe ndi nthawi yayitali ya moyo wake wonse, gululo litha kusankha kulongosola za kutumizidwa kwa ntchitoyo.
"Ngati galimoto yanu ikuyendetsedwa ndi OTR (msewu), onetsetsani kuti AMT yanu yatchulidwa pa liwiro la msewu yomwe idzakumane nayo," adatero Len Copeland, woyang'anira malonda ku Detroit. "Momwemonso, ngati muli ndi ntchito yonyamula katundu wolemera, onetsetsani kuti njira yomwe yasankhidwa idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi zolemera ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zomwe zingakumane nazo. Kusankha AMT yoyenera ndikofunikira pakuyendetsa zombo komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi madalaivala. "
Ma AMTs ena ogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, amapereka zinthu zapadera pamsika wantchito monga off-road mode ndi rock-free mode.
Ngakhale magalimoto ambiri atsopano omwe amaperekedwa amatchulidwa ndi AMTs, pali magalimoto ambiri omwe ali ndi magalimoto pamsewu lero. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuwerengera mitundu yamagalimoto akale omwe akugwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi zombo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akatswiri oyendetsa zombo ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kusamalira ndi kusamalira ma AMTs ndi kutumiza pamanja mtsogolo momwe zikuwonekera.
Ngakhale pali kusiyana koonekera pakati pa ziwirizi, AMTs ndi zolemba ndizofanana kwambiri kuposa momwe zingawonekere poyamba. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofananira zomwe ziyenera kukhala zofunikira kwambiri pamadipatimenti okonza zombo ndi clutch.
Kutumiza Magalimoto Amalonda
Clutch ntchito
Kwa dalaivala woyendetsa galimoto yokhala ndi ma transmission manual kapena AMT, kusiyana kuli koonekeratu: wina ali ndi clutch pedal ndipo wina alibe. Mofanana ndi kuyendetsa galimoto yokhala ndi makina oyendetsa okha, AMT imangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito accelerator ndi ma brake pedals. Apa ndi pamene kufanana kumathera, komabe; Ma AMTs ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi bukhu kuposa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito makina.
Malinga ndi Allison Transmission, makina odziwikiratu amagwiritsa ntchito chosinthira ma hydraulic torque kuti agwirizanitse injini ndi njira yoyendera mapulaneti. Komano, AMT imagwiritsa ntchito gearbox yokhazikika yokhala ndi magetsi kapena pneumatic clutch actuation.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kutumizirana mauthenga m'galimoto, monga kutumizira anthu m'galimoto yonyamula anthu, kumapereka mathamangitsidwe osasunthika, pafupi ndi nthawi zonse. AMT, kumbali ina, imasinthasintha ngati galimoto yotumizira yomwe imathamanga pomwe kuthamanga kumayima ndikusuntha.
"Mwachimake, palibe kusiyana [pakati pa zolemba zamanja ndi AMTs]," Agebrand ya Volvo idalongosola. "Komabe, mu AMT, makompyuta agalimoto amagwiritsa ntchito clutch motsutsana ndi dalaivala wamunthu m'mabuku. Ma aligorivimu mu ma AMT amasiku ano ndiabwino kwambiri kotero kuti ikafika pakusintha kwenikweni ndikukhudzidwa ndi clutch, AMT isintha mwaukadaulo kwambiri 100 peresenti ya nthawiyo. "
AMTs amagwiritsa ntchito gawo lowongolera limodzi ndi chosinthira chamakina kapena pneumatic kuti ayambitse clutch yokha, Copeland wa Detroit adati. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma transmission asinthe magiya moyenera momwe angathere. Ma AMTs ena, adawonjezeranso, amapereka mitundu ingapo yoyendetsa kuti athandize dalaivala kuti aziwongolera momwe kufalikira kumasinthira.
Kusuntha moyenera kuti nthawi zonse mukhale m'giya yoyenera momwe zimafunikira kumatanthauza kuti ma AMT amasintha pafupipafupi. Opanga aganizira izi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowakira zosiyanasiyana kuposa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira pamanja.
"Zingwe zapamanja zimapangidwa ndi semi-metallic component pomwe AMTs amagwiritsa ntchito organic fiber material chifukwa amasuntha pafupipafupi potengera njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira, zomwe zimafunikira kulumikizidwa kosalala komanso kusagwirizana kuposa momwe chitsulo chachitsulo chingapereke," adatero Copeland.
Pofuna kudziteteza, makina a AMT amaphatikizanso choyezera kutentha kwa ma clutch, malinga ndi a Eaton's Parsons, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupeŵa kuvala kwambiri pa clutch ndi zigawo zina.
Kutumiza kwapamanja kumakhala ndi masensa ochepa ndipo kumadalira kwambiri dalaivala kuti asatenthedwe ndi clutch ndikupanga kuvala kwambiri.
Kupewa tsoka la clutch
Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika komanso kusamalidwa bwino ndi ziwiri mwazinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa ma clutch pakutumiza kwamanja. AMTs amachotsa kuyanjana kwachindunji kwa anthu, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika sikuli vuto. Kukonzekera kosayenera, komabe, kungayambitsebe kulephera kwa clutch ngakhale pa AMT.
Kusasamalira bwino chowotcherera chagalimoto kungayambitse kuterera, kupondaponda mwamphamvu (pogwiritsa ntchito pamanja), kutentha kwambiri, ndi kulephera msanga, adatero Steve Toninato, mkulu wa utumiki ku Rihm Kenworth.
Kulephera kwa clutch chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kapena kusamalidwa bwino, komabe, kumapangidwa mwanjira ina. Clutch muzotumiza zonse zamanja ndi ma AMTs idapangidwa kuti ikhale yofooka m'dongosolo yomwe ingathe kapena kusweka poyamba kuti iteteze kufalikira komweko.
"Kusamalidwa bwino kapena kuyendetsa galimoto kungapangitse kuti clutch iwonongeke komanso kusweka," inatero Agebrand ya Volvo. "Munthawi yayitali kapena yowopsa, clutch imapangidwa kuti izilephereka; apo ayi, magiya enieni ndi zitsulo zazitsulo mkati mwa kutumiza zidzasweka. Izi ndi zofanana ndi ma AMTs ndi zolemba. ”
Detroit's Copeland adanenanso kuti kukonza ndikofunikira chifukwa zovuta zotumizira zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zamagalimoto.
"Kusasamalidwa bwino kungayambitse kulephera kwamphamvu munjira yonse yamagetsi," adatero Copeland. "Zoyendetsa zombo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wocheperako, [kuchepa] magwiridwe antchito, kulephera kwa ma clutch, komanso kutentha kwambiri. Nthawi zonse tchulani buku lanu lokonzekera la OEM kuti muwonetsetse kuti mukusamalira zida zanu monga momwe akulimbikitsira kuti mupewe izi. ”
Zizindikiro zochenjeza
Chinthu choyamba kuti mupewe kulephera kugwira ntchito ndi kuyang'ana zizindikiro za vuto lomwe likubwera. Madalaivala ndi amisiri onse ayenera kuyang'ana zowunikira kuti kufalikira kwatsitsidwa. Kutumiza pamanja ndi ma AMTs amapereka machenjezo osiyanasiyana, kotero ndikofunikira kudziwa bwino zonse ziwiri.
"Ndi ma transmission pamanja, madalaivala amataya 'kumverera' pa clutch pedal kapena amatha kumva kugaya ndikukumana ndi zovuta pakumaliza kusintha giya," adatero Agebrand.
Kutsetsereka kwa Toninato kungakhale chizindikiro china chodziwikiratu cha vuto la clutch, pomwe Copeland adati madalaivala ayenera kudziwa kutentha kwa clutch - chinthu chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatha kuwonekera ndi fungo loyaka moto, lomwe limakhudzanso ma AMTs.
Copeland adanenanso kuti ma AMTs ambiri ali ndi chojambulira cha kutentha kwa clutch chomwe chidzadziwitse dalaivala pamene clutch ikutentha kwambiri kuti igwire bwino ntchito. Kuonjezera apo, ngati kupatsirana sikungathe kusuntha mu giya bwino poyendetsa, ndiye kuti ndi chizindikiro cha vuto la clutch.
"AMTs amapereka machenjezo kudzera m'makhodi olakwika ndi machenjezo kwa dalaivala kuti asonyeze kufunika koyimitsa ndikuyang'ana clutch," Parsons anawonjezera.
Iye ananenanso kuti ngati dalaivala alandira chenjezo kapena chenjezo pamene akuyendetsa galimotoyo, dalaivala ayenera kuyimitsa galimotoyo kuti awone ngati akuyendetsa galimotoyo.
Kuzindikira ndi kukonza
Kuzindikira zovuta za clutch kumathanso kusiyanasiyana pakati pa ma transmissions apamanja ndi ma AMTs. Pakutumiza kwamanja, mayendedwe a clutch pedal ndi kuyang'ana kowoneka ndi njira zazikulu zodziwira. Ma AMT, okhala ndi masensa awo owonjezera, nthawi zambiri amapereka zidziwitso ndi manambala olakwika ndipo amatha kupezeka mosavuta ndi chida chowunikira komanso mapulogalamu.
Pankhani yokonza, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira zapamwamba pamitundu yonse iwiri yotumizira. Ngakhale opanga amakonda kupangira zida zamtundu wa OEM, ma zombo amalangizidwa mwamphamvu kuti agwiritse ntchito magawo ovomerezeka a OEM.
"Detroit imalimbikitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito magawo ovomerezeka ndi fakitale pazantchito zonse ndi kukonza zinthu zathu," adatero Copeland. “Zigawo zovomerezedwa ndi fakitale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa poyambira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magawowa ali ndi kuyezetsa kolimba kofanana ndi kuwongolera kotsimikizika monga momwe fakitale yathu idapangira. ”
"Mumapeza zomwe mumalipira," adatero Toninato. Zida zamtengo wapatali zimakonda kupereka zida zabwinoko komanso kutetezedwa bwino kwa chitsimikizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera kuwonongera patsogolo kuti mupewe zovuta zomwe zingachitike mtsogolo.
Kwa AMTs, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito clutch yomwe yaphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito, adatero Parsons. Izi zitha kuwoneka molingana ndi kuyendetsa, phokoso / kugwedezeka / kuuma (NVH), chitonthozo, ndi moyo wa clutch.
Ananenanso kuti potumiza pamanja, kugwiritsa ntchito clutch yoyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito kumatsimikizira moyo wautali, kuyendetsa bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchitapo kanthu kosalala.
"Pazogwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwiri, ngati clutch yolondola sigwiritsidwa ntchito njira yonseyi ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu," adatero Parsons. "Izi zikutanthauza kuti moyo wonse wagalimoto ungakhale pachiwopsezo."
Njira zabwino zosamalira ma clutch
Mavuto a Clutch amatha kupewedwa, makamaka, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zodzitetezera. Muzochitika zonse, ndikofunikira kutsatira nthawi zokonzedwa ndi wopanga.
"Choyamba, tsatirani nthawi zonse zonse kufalitsa nthawi zokonza zofalitsa zanu," Copeland adatsindika. "Nthawi ndi nthawi muyang'ane magawo onse ogwiritsira ntchito mayunitsi angapo m'zombo zanu kuti akuthandizeni kukonza nthawi yanu kuti igwirizane ndi kayendetsedwe ka galimoto yanu. Ma Clutch amafunikira kusintha momwe amavalira; zowombola zina zimafuna kusintha pamanja pamene zimavala, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi zowombola zodzisintha zokha.”
Ntchito yodzisinthira yokha - mumayendedwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwewo - amalola kuti clutch ikhalebe pakusintha kwakukulu, adawonjezera.
Kuphatikiza pakusintha pafupipafupi, zowongola zimafunikira mafuta okhazikika.
"Pamitundu yonse iwiri ya ma clutch, zombo zimayenera kusungitsa mafuta oyenera a dongosolo lomasulidwa kuti apewe kuvala," adatero Parsons.
Pomaliza, mitundu yonse iwiri yopatsirana imafunikira kuti madzimadzi azisinthidwa pafupipafupi. Apanso, ma fleets akuyenera kuloza ku bukhu lopatsirana pakanthawi kovomerezeka.
Ngakhale kuti gawoli lapangidwa kuti livale ndipo pamapeto pake lingafunike kusinthidwa, kutsatira njira zabwinozi kungathandize zombo kupeza moyo wabwino kwambiri kuchokera kumayendedwe awo amanja ndi ma Clutch a AMT.