Ikhabhoni, i-hydrogen ne-oxygen yizinto eziphilayo eziyinhloko emalahleni, ezibalelwa ngaphezu kwama-95%; Lapho i-coalification ijula, iyanda okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni futhi iyancipha i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Ikhabhoni ne-hydrogen yizakhi ezikhiqiza ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusha kwamalahle, futhi umoya-mpilo uyisici esisekela ukuvutha. Uma kushiswa amalahle, i-nitrogen ayikukhiqizi ukushisa, kodwa iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrogen oxides ne-ammonia ekushiseni okuphezulu, futhi idonswa esimweni esikhululekile. Isibabule, i-phosphorus, i-fluorine, i-chlorine ne-arsenic yizici eziyingozi emalahleni, okuyi-sulfure ebaluleke kakhulu. Lapho kushiswa amalahle, iningi lesibabule liyakhishwa libe yi-sulphur dioxide (SO2), ekhishwa nge-flue gas, ingcolise umkhathi, ibeke engozini ukukhula kwezilwane nezitshalo nempilo yabantu, kanye nemishini yensimbi egqwalile; Uma amalahle anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule asetshenziswa ekuphekeni kwe-metallurgical, aphinde athinte ikhwalithi ye-coke nensimbi. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe "kwesulfure" kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola ikhwalithi yamalahle.

Igesi evuthayo ekhiqizwa ukubola kwento ephilayo emalahleni ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa nezimo ezithile ibizwa ngokuthi "i-volatile", okuyigesi exubile eyakhiwe ama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene, i-hydrogen, i-carbon monoxide nezinye izinhlanganisela. I-Volatile futhi iyinkomba yekhwalithi yamalahle eyinhloko, edlala indima ebalulekile yokubhekisela ekunqumeni izindlela zokucubungula nokusetshenziswa kanye nezimo zobuchwepheshe zamalahle. Amalahle anedigri ye-coalification ephansi anendaba eguquguqukayo kakhulu. Uma izimo zokusha zingafaneleki, amalahle anokuqukethwe okuphezulu okuguquguqukayo azokhiqiza kalula izinhlayiya zekhabhoni ezingashiswa lapho evutha, ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi "umusi omnyama"; Futhi ukhiqize ukungcola okuningi okufana ne-carbon monoxide, i-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons nama-aldehydes, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushisa kuyehla. Ngakho-ke, izimo zokuvutha ezifanele kanye nemishini kufanele kukhethwe ngokuya ngendaba eguquguqukayo yamalahle.

Zimbalwa izinto ezingaphili emalahleni, ikakhulukazi amanzi namaminerali, futhi ukuba khona kwazo kunciphisa izinga nokusetshenziswa kwamalahle. Amaminerali yiwona ukungcola okuyinhloko emalahleni, njenge-sulfide, i-sulfate ne-carbonate, iningi lazo eliyizingxenye eziyingozi.

"Umswakama" unomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamalahle. Lapho amanzi eshintsha abe isitimu lapho esha, abamba ukushisa, ngaleyo ndlela ehlise inani lamalahle elinomthamo we-calorie. Umswakama emalahleni ungahlukaniswa ube umswakama wangaphandle kanye nomswakama wangaphakathi, futhi umswakama wangaphakathi ngokuvamile usetshenziswa njengenkomba yokuhlola ikhwalithi yamalahle. Lapho i-degree ye-coalification iphansi, iba nkulu indawo yangaphakathi yamalahle kanye nomswakama ophezulu.

"Umlotha" insalela eqinile esele ngemva kokuba amalahle eshiswe ngokuphelele, futhi iyinkomba yekhwalithi yamalahle ebalulekile. Umlotha ngokuyinhloko uvela kumaminerali angashi kumalahle. Lapho i-mineral ishiswa, kufanele ibambe ukushisa, futhi inani elikhulu le-slag lizosusa ukushisa, ngakho-ke ukuphakama komlotha, kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kokuvutha kwamalahle; Umlotha owengeziwe, umlotha owengeziwe okhiqizwa ukushiswa kwamalahle, futhi umlotha wempukane uphuma. Ngokuvamile, umlotha wamalahle ekhwalithi ephezulu namalahle ahlanzekile uphansi kakhulu [1].

Amalahle asatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amazwekazi naseziqhingini zasolwandle, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwamalahle emhlabeni akulingani kakhulu, kanti nemithombo yamalahle emazweni ahlukene nayo ihluke kakhulu. I-China, i-United States, iRussia kanye neJalimane inothile ngezinqolobane zamalahle, futhi ingamazwe amakhulu akhiqiza amalahle emhlabeni, phakathi kwawo iChina iyizwe elihamba phambili ngamalahle emhlabeni. Imithombo yamalahle yaseChina ihamba phambili emhlabeni, ilandela i-United States, isiRashiya kanye ne-Australia [9] kuphela.

Nakuba isikhundla esibalulekile samalahle sithathelwe indawo uwoyela, isikhathi eside, nakanjani azokwehla ngenxa yokuncipha kancane kancane kwamafutha. Ngenxa yezinqolobane ezinkulu zamalahle kanye nokuthuthuka ngokushesha kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obusha obunjengokufakwa kwegesi yamalahle sebuvuthiwe futhi busetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ngokwezinto ezihlukene zasekuqaleni kanye nezimo zokwakheka kwamalahle, amalahle ngokwemvelo angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezintathu, okungukuthi amalahle e-humus, amalahle e-humus asele kanye namalahle e-sapropelic.

I-China iyizwe lokuqala ukusebenzisa amalahle emhlabeni. Kwatholakala imisebenzi yezandla yamalahle endaweni yamasiko yasendulo yaseXinle esifundazweni saseLiaoning, kanti amakhekhe amalahle atholakala edolobheni lase-gongyi, eSifundazweni SaseHenan.

E-Shan Hai Jing, amalahle abizwa nge-stone nie, kanti e-Wei nase-Jin dynasties, amalahle abizwa nge-graphite noma i-carboniferous. Igama lamalahle laqala ukusetshenziswa ku-Compendium of Materia Medica ngu-Li Shizhen eMing Dynasty.

IGreece neRoma yasendulo nawo kwakungamazwe ayesebenzisa amalahle ngaphambili. Isazi esingumGreki uTheophrastos sabhala incwadi ethi The History of Stone cishe ngo-300 BC, eyabhala ubunjalo nomsuka wamalahle. IRoma yasendulo yaqala ukusebenzisa amalahle ukufudumeza cishe eminyakeni engu-2000 edlule.

Amalahle awugqinsi oluningi kakhulu lwe-humus emnyama eqoqwe phansi ngamagatsha nezimpande zezitshalo izigidi zeminyaka. Ngenxa yokushintsha koqweqwe lomhlaba, uqhubeka ugqitshwa ngaphansi komhlaba futhi uhlukaniswe nomoya isikhathi eside, futhi ngemva kochungechunge lwezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba namakhemikhali ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu, kwakha idwala elimnyama elivuthayo elivuthayo, elibangela ukuguquka kwemvelo. inqubo yokwakheka kwamalahle.

Ukuqina komthungo wamalahle emayini yamalahle kuhlobene nesivinini sokwehla kwe-crustal kanye nokuqoqwa kwesitshalo kusala kule ndawo. Uqweqwe lomhlaba luwohloka ngokushesha, futhi izinsalela zesitshalo zinqwabelana, ngakho umthungo wamalahle kule mayini wamalahle uminyene. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uqweqwe lomhlaba luwa kancane, futhi izinsalela zesitshalo zinqwabelana zibe mncane, ngakho umthungo wamalahle kule mayini yamalahle mncane. Ngenxa yokunyakaza kwe-tectonic koqweqwe lomhlaba, amalahle okuqala avundlile ayagoqwa futhi aphuke. Eminye imithungo yamalahle igqitshwa ijule ngaphansi komhlaba, eminye iphushelwe ngaphandle, noma ibekwe phansi, okutholakala kalula ngabantu. Kukhona futhi ama-seams amalahle amancane futhi amancane endaweni, ngakho-ke alikho inani lezimayini, futhi asikho isitatimende esibuyekeziwe mayelana nokwakheka kwamalahle.

Ingabe amalahle akheka ngale ndlela? Ukuthi ezinye izivezo kufanele kuqhutshekwe kufundwe futhi kuxoxwe ngazo. Imayini enkulu yamalahle inomthungo wamalahle owugqinsi kanye nekhwalithi yamalahle enhle kakhulu, kodwa indawo yayo ayinkulu kakhulu ngokujwayelekile. Uma kungukuqoqwa kwemvelo kwamaqabunga nezimpande zezitshalo izigidi zeminyaka, indawo yayo kufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi amahlathi nezindawo ezinotshani zazikhona yonke indawo emhlabeni ezikhathini zasendulo, kufanele kube khona imikhondo yokugcina amalahle yonke indawo ngaphansi komhlaba; Umthungo wamalahle awunzima kakhulu, ngoba amaqabunga nezimpande zezitshalo zibola zibe umquba, ozomuncwa izitshalo. Uma iphindaphindwa, ngeke igxiliswe kakhulu lapho ekugcineni igqitshwa ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi umngcele phakathi kongqimba lomhlabathi nomthungo wamalahle ngeke ucace kangako.

Nokho, akukho ukuphika iqiniso nesisekelo sokuthi amalahle akhiwa ngempela ukuguquguquka okuhlelekile kwemfucumfucu yezitshalo, okuyiqiniso elingephikiswe. Uma nje ubheka ngokucophelela i-block yamalahle, ungabona iminonjana yamaqabunga nezimpande zezitshalo; Uma usika amalahle bese ubheka ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, ungathola izicubu zezitshalo nezakhiwo ezicace kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinto ezinjengeziqu zigcinwa emithungweni yamalahle, kanti eminye imithungo yamalahle isagoqwe ngezinsalela zezinambuzane eziphelele.

Ngaphansi kokushisa okujwayelekile nokucindezela kwendawo, isitshalo sihlala siqoqwe emanzini amile siguqulwa sibe yi-peat noma i-sapropelic nge-peat noma i-sapropelic; Ngemva kokungcwatshwa, i-peat noma udaka lwe-sapropelic lucwila ekujuleni ngaphansi komhlaba ngenxa yokwehla kwesisekelo sesitsha futhi siguqulwa sibe yi-lignite ngokusebenzisa i-diagenesis; Lapho izinga lokushisa nokucindezela kukhuphuka kancane kancane, kuguqulwa kube amalahle e-bituminous kuya ku-anthracite nge-metamorphism. I-Peatization isho inqubo lapho izinsalela zezitshalo eziphakeme zinqwabelana emaxhaphozini futhi ziguqulwa zibe yi-peat ngezinguquko zamakhemikhali. I-Sapropargization ibhekisela enkambisweni yokuthi izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo eziphansi ziguqulwa zibe udaka lwe-sapropelic ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ze-biochemical emaxhaphozini. I-Sapropargite iwuhlobo lwento enodaka ecebile emanzini ne-asphaltene. Inqubo ye-glacier ingaba nomthelela ekuqoqweni nasekulondolozweni kwezinsalela zezitshalo ezakha amalahle [2].

Iminyaka yokwakhiwa kwamalahle

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yokuma komhlaba, kunezikhathi ezintathu ezinkulu zokwakheka kwamalahle emhlabeni:

Ku-Paleozoic Carboniferous kanye nePermian, izitshalo ezakha amalahle zaziyizitshalo ze-spore. Izinhlobo zamalahle eziyinhloko zingamalahle e-bituminous kanye ne-anthracite.

Ku-Jurassic ne-Cretaceous ye-Mesozoic, izitshalo ezakha amalahle zazingama-gymnosperms. Izinhlobo zamalahle eziyinhloko ziyi-lignite namalahle e-bituminous.

Esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme i-Cenozoic, izitshalo ezakha amalahle zaziyi-angiosperms. Ilahle eliyinhloko li-lignite, lilandelwa yi-peat namanye amalahle amancane angama-bituminous.

Amalahle ayinsiza yamandla ezinsalela ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu emhlabeni, ehlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezine: amalahle e-bituminous ne-anthracite, amalahle angaphansi kwe-bituminous kanye ne-lignite. Amaphesenti angama-60 ezindawo zamalahle ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke agxile e-United States (25%), kuma-republic aseSoviet (23%) naseShayina (12%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Australia, i-India, iJalimane kanye neNingizimu Afrika yenza ama-29% engqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwamalahle emhlabeni, kanti izindawo ezigciniwe zamalahle eziqinisekisiwe ziphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwama-63 kunezinqolobane zikawoyela. Amazwe anezinqolobane zamalahle anothile emhlabeni nawo angamalahle.