ʻO ke kalapona, ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen ka mea nui i loko o ka lanahu, ʻoi aku ma mua o 95%; ʻOi aku ka hohonu o ka coalification, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen. ʻO ke kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka wela i ka wā e puhi ʻia ai ka lanahu, a ʻo ka oxygen ka mea kākoʻo hoʻopau. Ke puhi ʻia ka lanahu, ʻaʻole e hoʻohua ka naikokene i ka wela, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻokikene nitrogen a me ka amonia i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi kūlana manuahi. ʻO Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine a me arsenic nā mea ʻino i ka lanahu, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa. Ke puhi ʻia ka lanahu, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka sulfur i sulfur dioxide (SO2), i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ke kinoea flue, hoʻohaumia i ka lewa, hoʻoweliweli i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu a me ke olakino kanaka, a me nā mea hao hao; Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lanahu me ka sulfur kiʻekiʻe i ka coking metallurgical, pili pū ia i ka maikaʻi o ka coke a me ke kila. No laila, ʻo ka maʻiʻo o ka "sulfur" kekahi o nā kuhikuhi nui e loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka lanahu.

ʻO ke kinoea hoʻopau i hana ʻia e ka decomposition o nā mea ola i loko o ka lanahu ma lalo o kekahi mau mahana a me nā kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo "volatile", he kinoea hui ʻia i haku ʻia me nā hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO Volatile hoʻi ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi o ka lanahu, kahi mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana a me nā kūlana ʻenehana o ka lanahu. ʻO ka lanahu me ka degere coalification haʻahaʻa i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea. Inā ʻaʻole kūpono ke ʻano o ka puhi ʻana, e hana maʻalahi ka lanahu me ka nui o nā mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻaʻole i puhi ʻia i ke ahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "uhi ʻeleʻele"; A hana hou i nā mea haumia e like me ka carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons a me nā aldehydes, a hoʻemi ʻia ka hana wela. No laila, pono e koho ʻia nā kūlana hoʻopau kūpono a me nā mea hana e like me ke ʻano o ka lanahu.

He kakaikahi na mea anoano iloko o ka lanahu, ka nui o ka wai a me na minela, a ke emi nei ko lakou noho ana i ka maikai a me ka waiwai o ka lanahu. ʻO nā minela nā mea haumia nui i ka lanahu, e like me ka sulfide, sulfate a me ka carbonate, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea ʻino.

He mana nui ka "moisture" i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lanahu. Ke hoʻololi ka wai i mahu i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana, hoʻomoʻa ia i ka wela, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ka waiwai calorific o ka lanahu. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai i loko o ka lanahu i ka wai o waho a me ka wai o loko, a hoʻohana mau ʻia ka wai o loko ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi e loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka lanahu. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka degere o ka coalification, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻili o loko o ka lanahu a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka makū.

ʻO "Lehu" ke koena paʻa i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka lanahu, a he ʻōlelo kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi ka maikaʻi o ka lanahu. ʻO ka lehu ka mea nui mai nā minerala hiki ʻole ke puhi ʻia i ka lanahu. Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka mineral, pono ia e hoʻomoʻi i ka wela, a ʻo ka nui o ka slag e lawe aku i ka wela, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lehu, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka wela o ka puhi lanahu; ʻO ka nui o ka lehu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu i hana ʻia e ka puhi ʻana i ka lanahu, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu lele i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, haʻahaʻa loa ka lehu o ka lanahu kiʻekiʻe a me ka lanahu maʻemaʻe [1].

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lanahu ma nā ʻāina āpau a me nā mokupuni moana, akā ʻaʻole kūlike ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lanahu ma ka honua, a ʻokoʻa loa nā mālama lanahu ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. ʻO Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rūsia a me Geremania he waiwai nui i nā mālama lanahu, a he mau ʻāina hana lanahu nui nō hoʻi lākou ma ka honua, a ʻo Kina ka ʻāina me ka nui o ka lanahu o ka honua. Aia ka waiwai lanahu o Kina i mua o ka honua, ʻelua wale nō ma hope o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Lūkini a me Australia [9].

ʻOiai ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka lanahu e ka aila, no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole e hiki ke emi ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka ʻaila. Ma muli o ka nui o ka lanahu a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ua lilo nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka gasification lanahu a hoʻohana nui ʻia.

Ma muli o nā ʻano kumu like ʻole a me nā kūlana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka lanahu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lanahu ma ke ʻano i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lanahu humus, ke koena humus a me ka lanahu sapropelic.

ʻO Kina ka ʻāina mua i hoʻohana i ka lanahu ma ka honua. Ua loaʻa nā hana lima lanahu ma Xinle kahiko moʻomeheu ma ka ʻāina ʻo Liaoning, a ua loaʻa pū nā keke lanahu ma ke kūlanakauhale gongyi, ʻo Henan Province.

Ma Shan Hai Jing, kapa ʻia ka lanahu he pōhaku nie, ʻoiai ma nā aupuni Wei a me Jin, kapa ʻia ka lanahu he graphite a i ʻole carboniferous. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka inoa lanahu ma Compendium of Materia Medica e Li Shizhen i ka Ming Dynasty.

ʻO Helene a me Roma kahiko kekahi mau ʻāina i hoʻohana i ka lanahu ma mua. Ua kākau ʻo Theophrastos ʻepekema Helene i ka History of Stone ma kahi o 300 BC, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano a me ke kumu o ka lanahu. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Roma kahiko e hoʻohana i ka lanahu no ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma kahi o 2000 mau makahiki i hala.

ʻO ka lanahu kahi papa mānoanoa loa o ka humus ʻeleʻele i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻāina e nā lālā a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu no nā miliona mau makahiki. Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, kanu mau ʻia ʻo ia ma lalo o ka lepo a kaʻawale mai ka lewa no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ma hope o ke ʻano o nā hoʻololi kino a me nā kemika paʻakikī ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe wela a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hana ia i kahi pōhaku sedimentary combustible. ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana o ka lanahu.

ʻO ka mānoanoa o kahi hili lanahu i loko o kahi lua lanahu e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka emi ʻana o ka crustal a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea kanu ma kēia wahi. Ke hāʻule wikiwiki nei ka ʻāʻī o ka honua, a ʻo ke koena o ka mea kanu, ua ahuwale ka mānoanoa, no laila mānoanoa ka hili lanahu o kēia lua lanahu. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hāʻule mālie nei ka ʻōpala o ka honua, a ʻo ke koena o ka mea kanu, ua puʻupuʻu lahilahi, no laila ua lahilahi ka hili lanahu o kēia lua lanahu. Ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻāʻī o ka honua, ua pelu ʻia nā ʻili lanahu mua a ua haki. Ua kanu ʻia kekahi mau ʻili lanahu ma lalo o ka ʻāina, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi i waho i ka ʻili, a i ʻole e ʻike ʻia i ka lepo, kahi maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka. Aia kekahi mau ʻili lanahu i ʻano lahilahi a liʻiliʻi ka ʻāpana, no laila ʻaʻohe waiwai eli, a ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo hou e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka lanahu.

Ua hana ʻia ka lanahu ma kēia ʻano? Inā paha e aʻo hou ʻia a kūkākūkā ʻia kekahi mau hōʻike. ʻO kahi lua lanahu nui ka hili lanahu mānoanoa a me ka maikaʻi o ka lanahu, akā ʻaʻole nui loa kona wahi ma ka laulā. Inā he hōʻiliʻili maoli ia o nā lau a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu no nā miliona mau makahiki, pono ka nui o kona wahi. No ka mea, aia nā ululāʻau a me nā mauʻu ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua i ka wā kahiko, pono e loaʻa nā meheu o ka waiho lanahu ma nā wahi a pau ma lalo o ka honua; ʻAʻole pono ka mānoanoa loa o ke kohu lanahu, no ka mea, pala nā lau a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu i humus, e hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea kanu. Inā e hana hou ʻia, ʻaʻole e paʻa loa ke kanu ʻia ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo, a ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka palena ma waena o ka papa lepo a me ka hili lanahu.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻole ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka lanahu e ka hoʻomohala ʻōnaehana o nā ʻōpala mea kanu, he ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ʻole ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia. Ke nānā pono ʻoe i ka poloka lanahu, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻāpana o nā lau a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu; Inā ʻoki ʻoe i ka lanahu a nānā ʻoe ma lalo o kahi microscope, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻiʻo a me nā hale mea kanu akaka loa, a i kekahi manawa mālama ʻia nā mea e like me ke kumu lāʻau i loko o nā hili lanahu, a ʻo kekahi mau hili lanahu e uhi ʻia me nā mōʻalihaku pepeke piha.

Ma lalo o ka mahana maʻamau a me ke kaomi o ka ʻili, hoʻomau ka mea kanu i ka wai i hoʻololi ʻia i ka peat a i ʻole sapropelic e ka peat a i ʻole sapropelic; Ma hope o ke kanu ʻia ʻana, hāʻule ka peat a i ʻole ka lepo sapropelic i ka hohonu ma lalo o ka lepo ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ke kīʻaha lalo a hoʻololi ʻia i lignite ma o ka diagenesis; Ke piʻi mālie ka mahana a me ke kaomi, hoʻololi ʻia ia i lanahu bituminous i anthracite e ka metamorphism. ʻO ka peatization e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana e hōʻiliʻili ai nā koena o nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā puʻu a hoʻololi ʻia i peat ma o nā hoʻololi biochemical. ʻO ka Sapropargization e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ʻia nā koena o nā mea ola haʻahaʻa i ʻōpala sapropelic ma o nā hoʻololi biochemical i loko o nā swamps. ʻO ka Sapropargite kekahi ʻano mea lepo i waiwai nui i ka wai a me ka aspaltene. Hiki i ke kaʻina hana glacier ke kōkua i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā koena mea kanu hana lanahu [2].

Ka makahiki o ka hana lanahu

I ka makahiki honua holoʻokoʻa, aia ʻekolu mau manawa hana lanahu ma ka honua:

Ma Paleozoic Carboniferous a me Permian, ʻo nā mea kanu hana lanahu ka nui o nā mea kanu spore. ʻO nā ʻano lanahu nui he lanahu bituminous a me ka anthracite.

Ma Jurassic a me Cretaceous o Mesozoic, he gymnosperms nā mea kanu hana lanahu. ʻO nā ʻano lanahu nui he lignite a me ka lanahu bituminous.

Ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe o Cenozoic, ʻo nā mea kanu hana lanahu ka nui o nā angiosperms. ʻO ka lanahu nui ka lignite, a ma hope o ka peat a me kekahi lanahu bituminous ʻōpiopio.

ʻO ka lanahu ka punawai ikehu mōʻalihaku i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma ka honua, a ua māhele ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: ka lanahu bituminous a me ka anthracite, sub-bituminous a me ka lignite. ʻO 60% o nā waihona lanahu e hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka honua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (25%), nā repubalika Soviet (23%) a me Kina (12%). Eia kekahi, ʻo Australia, India, Kelemānia a me ʻApelika Hema he 29% o ka nui o ka hana lanahu o ka honua, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mālama lanahu i hōʻoia ʻia ma mua o 63 mau manawa o ka mālama aila. ʻO nā ʻāina i loaʻa ka lanahu waiwai ma ka honua nei, he lanahu nō hoʻi.