Ikhabhoni, ihydrogen kunye neoksijini zezona zinto ziphambili kwindalo kumalahle, zibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-95%; I-coalification inzulu, iphezulu i-carbon content kwaye iyancipha i-hydrogen kunye nomxholo we-oxygen. Ikhabhoni kunye nehydrogen zizinto ezivelisa ubushushu ngexesha lokutsha kwamalahle, kwaye ioksijini yinto exhasa ukutsha. Xa amalahle etshiswa, i-nitrogen ayivelisi ubushushu, kodwa iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrogen oxides kunye ne-ammonia kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, kwaye iyancipha kwindawo ekhululekile. I-sulfure, i-phosphorus, i-fluorine, i-chlorine kunye ne-arsenic zizinto ezinobungozi kumalahle, apho i-sulfure ibaluleke kakhulu. Xa amalahle etshiswa, ininzi yesulfure i-oxidized kwi-sulphur dioxide (SO2), ekhutshwa nge-flue gas, ingcolisa umoya, ibeka emngciphekweni ukukhula kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye nempilo yabantu, kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi ezonakalisayo; Xa amalahle anomxholo ophezulu wesulfure asetyenziswa kwi-coking metallurgical, iphinda ithintele umgangatho we-coke kunye nentsimbi. Ngoko ke, umxholo we "sulfure" yenye yezalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamalahle.

Irhasi enokutsha eveliswa kukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kumalahle phantsi kobushushu obuthile kunye neemeko ezibizwa ngokuba yi "volatile", eyigesi exubeneyo eyenziwe ngee-hydrocarbons ezahlukeneyo, i-hydrogen, i-carbon monoxide kunye nezinye iikhompawundi. I-Volatile ikwasesona salathisi somgangatho wamalahle, esidlala indima ebalulekileyo yereferensi ekumiseleni iindlela zokusetyenzwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye neemeko zobuchwepheshe zamalahle. Amalahle anedigri yokudibanisa ephantsi anemiba eguquguqukayo ngakumbi. Ukuba iimeko zokutsha azifanelekanga, amalahle anomxholo ophezulu oguquguqukayo aya kuvelisa ngokulula amaqhekeza ekhabhoni angatshisiyo xa etshisa, eyaziwa ngokuba "umsi omnyama"; Kwaye uvelise izinto ezingcolisa ngakumbi ezifana ne-carbon monoxide, i-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons kunye ne-aldehydes, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal kuyancipha. Ngoko ke, iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokutsha kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokuhambelana nomcimbi oguqukayo wamalahle.

Zimbalwa izinto ezingaphiliyo kumalahle, ikakhulu amanzi kunye neeminerali, kwaye ubukho bazo bunciphisa umgangatho kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa kwamalahle. Iiminerali zizona zinto zingcolileyo kumalahle, njenge-sulfide, i-sulfate kunye ne-carbonate, uninzi lwazo zizinto eziyingozi.

"Ukufuma" kunempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni nasekusetyenzisweni kwamalahle. Xa amanzi etshintsha abe ngumphunga xa esitsha, afunxa ubushushu, nto leyo enciphisa ixabiso lelahleko le calorific. Ubumanzi kumalahle bunokwahlulwa bubufuma bangaphandle kunye nokufuma kwangaphakathi, kwaye ukufuma kwangaphakathi ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa njengesalathiso sokuvavanya umgangatho wamalahle. Okukhona usezantsi iqondo lokuhlangana, kokukhona inkulu indawo yangaphakathi yamalahle kunye nokunyuka kokufuma.

"Umlotha" yintsalela eqinileyo eshiywe emva kokuba amalahle etshiswe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye isalathiso esibalulekileyo somgangatho wamalahle. Umlotha uvela ikakhulu kwiiminerali ezingatshiyo kumalahle. Xa i-mineral itshiswa, kufuneka ithathe ukushisa, kwaye inani elikhulu le-slag liza kuthatha ubushushu, ngoko ke i-ash iphezulu, iyancipha ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal yokutsha kwamalahle; Okukhona uthuthu luthe kratya, kokukhona uthuthu luveliswa kukutsha kwamalahle, kwaye kokukhona uthuthu lwempukane lukhutshwa. Ngokubanzi, isiqulatho sothuthu lwamalahle akumgangatho ophezulu kunye namalahle acocekileyo asezantsi ngokwentelekiso [1].

Amalahle asasazwa kuwo onke amazwekazi kunye neziqithi zolwandle, kodwa ukuhanjiswa kwamalahle ehlabathini akulingani kakhulu, kwaye oovimba bamalahle kumazwe ahlukeneyo nabo bahluke kakhulu. I-China, i-United States, iRashiya kunye neJamani zityebile ngoovimba bamalahle, kwaye zingamazwe aphambili ekuveliseni amalahle ehlabathi, phakathi kwawo iChina lilizwe elinelona lizwe liphezulu ngemveliso yamalahle ehlabathini. Imithombo yamalahle yaseTshayina iphambili kwihlabathi, ikwindawo yesibini emva kwe-United States, isiRashiya ne-Australia [9].

Nangona isikhundla esibalulekileyo samalahle sithatyathelw’ indawo yioli, kangangexesha elide, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuncipha ngenxa yokuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe kweoli. Ngenxa yovimba omkhulu wamalahle kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, ubugcisa obutsha obufana nokufakwa kwegesi yamalahle bukhulile kwaye busetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Ngokwemathiriyeli yantlandlolo eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zokwenza amalahle, amalahle ngokwendalo anokohlulwa abe ngamacandelo amathathu, angala amalahle e-humus, amalahle e-humus ashiyekileyo kunye namalahle e-sapropelic.

I-China lilizwe lokuqala ukusebenzisa amalahle ehlabathini. Imisebenzi yezandla yamalahle yafunyanwa kwindawo yenkcubeko yamandulo yaseXinle kwiPhondo laseLiaoning, namaqebengwana amalahle afunyanwa kwisixeko sasegongyi, kwiPhondo laseHenan.

E-Shan Hai Jing, amalahle abizwa ngokuba yi-stone nie, ngelixa kwi-Wei kunye ne-Jin dynasties, amalahle abizwa ngokuba yi-graphite okanye i-carboniferous. Igama lamalahle laqala ukusetyenziswa kwiCompendium yeMateria Medica nguLi Shizhen kwiMing Dynasty.

IGrisi neRoma yamandulo yayikwangamazwe awayesebenzisa amalahle ngaphambili. Umphengululi ongumGrike uTheophrastos wabhala Imbali yelitye malunga ne-300 BC, eyabhala ubunjani kunye nemvelaphi yamalahle. IRoma yamandulo yaqala ukusebenzisa amalahle ukufudumeza malunga neminyaka engama-2000 eyadlulayo.

Amalahle ngumaleko oshinyene ngokugqithisileyo we-humus emnyama eqokelelwe emhlabeni ngamasebe neengcambu zezityalo kwizigidi zeminyaka. Ngenxa yokutshintsha koqweqwe lomhlaba, uqhubeka ungcwatywa phantsi komhlaba kwaye ubekwe yedwa emoyeni ixesha elide, kwaye emva kothotho lotshintsho oluntsonkothileyo lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, lwenza ilitye elimnyama elinokutsha, elinokuthi lenze ilitye lentlenga elivuthayo. yinkqubo yokwenziwa kwamalahle.

Ubunzima bomthungo wamalahle kumgodi wamalahle bunxulumene nesantya sokuhla kwe-crustal kunye nokuqokelelana kwesityalo kuhlala kule ndawo. Umhlaba uwohloka ngokukhawuleza, yaye esi sityalo siyafunjwa, ngoko ke umthungo wamalahle kulo mgodi wamalahle ungqindilili. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uqweqwe lomhlaba luwa ngokucothayo, yaye iintsalela zesityalo zifunjwa zibhityile, ngoko ke umthungo wamalahle kulo mgodi wamalahle ubhityile. Ngenxa yokushukuma koqweqwe lomhlaba, imithungo yamalahle yokuqala ethe tyaba iyasongwa ize yaphuke. Eminye imithungo yamalahle ingcwatywa nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba, eminye ityhalelwa ngaphandle, okanye ide ibekwe phantsi, ekulula ukufunyanwa ngabantu. Kukho kwakhona amalahle amalahle amancinci kwaye amancinci kwindawo, ngoko akukho xabiso lemigodi, kwaye akukho nkcazo ehlaziyiweyo malunga nokubunjwa kwamalahle.

Ngaba amalahle enziwa ngolu hlobo? Nokuba ezinye iinkcazo kufuneka zifundwe ngakumbi kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo. Umgodi omkhulu wamalahle unomthungo oshinyeneyo wamalahle kunye nomgangatho obalaseleyo wamalahle, kodwa indawo yawo ayinkulu kakhulu ngokubanzi. Ukuba kukuqokelela kwendalo kwamagqabi kunye neengcambu zezityalo kwizigidi zeminyaka, ummandla wayo kufuneka ube mkhulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba amahlathi neengca zazikho kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni kumaxesha amandulo, kufanele kubekho imizila yokugcinwa kwamalahle kuyo yonke indawo phantsi komhlaba; Umthungo wamalahle awukho ngqindilili kakhulu, kuba amagqabi kunye neengcambu zezityalo ziyabola zibe yi-humus, eza kutsalwa zizityalo. Ukuba iyaphindwa, ayiyi kugxininiswa kakhulu xa ekugqibeleni ingcwatywe phantsi komhlaba, kwaye umda phakathi komhlaba kunye nomthungo wamalahle awuyi kucaca.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho kuyikhanyela inyani kunye nesiseko sokuba amalahle enziwe ngenene yinguqu ecwangcisiweyo yobutyobo bezityalo, yinyaniso engenakuphikiswa. Ngethuba nje uqwalasela ngokucophelela ibhloko yamalahle, unokubona umkhondo wamagqabi kunye neengcambu zezityalo; Ukuba ucanda amalahle kwaye uyigcine phantsi kwe-microscope, unokufumana izicubu zezityalo ezicacileyo kunye nezakhiwo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izinto ezifana neziqu zigcinwa kwimithungo yamalahle, kwaye ezinye iintsimbi zamalahle zisagqunywe ngamathambo ezinambuzane ezipheleleyo.

Ngaphantsi kobushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo lomphezulu, isityalo sihlala siqokelelwe emanzini amileyo siguqulwa sibe yi-peat okanye i-sapropelic nge-peat okanye i-sapropelic; Emva kokungcwatywa, i-peat okanye udaka lwe-sapropelic lutshona kwindawo enzulu ephantsi komhlaba ngenxa yokuhla kwesiseko sesiseko kwaye iguqulwa ibe yi-lignite nge-diagenesis; Xa ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lukhula ngokuthe ngcembe, luguqulwa lube ngamalahle e-bituminous ukuya kwi-anthracite yi-metamorphism. I-Peatization ibhekiselele kwinkqubo yokuba iintsalela zezityalo eziphezulu ziqokelelana kwimigxobhozo kwaye ziguqulwa zibe yi-peat ngotshintsho lwe-biochemical. I-Sapropargization ibhekisela kwinkqubo yokuba iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo eziphantsi ziguqulwa zibe yidaka le-sapropelic ngokusebenzisa utshintsho lwe-biochemical kwimigxobhozo. I-Sapropargite luhlobo lwezinto ezinodaka ezityebileyo emanzini kunye ne-asphaltene. Inkqubo yomkhenkce inokuba negalelo ekuqokeleleni nasekulondolozeni iintsalela zezityalo ezenza amalahle [2].

Ubudala bokwenziwa kwamalahle

Kuyo yonke iminyaka yejoloji, kukho amaxesha amathathu amakhulu okwenza amalahle emhlabeni:

KwiPaleozoic Carboniferous kunye nePermian, izityalo ezenza amalahle yayizizityalo ze-spore. Iintlobo eziphambili zamalahle ngamalahle e-bituminous kunye ne-anthracite.

KwiJurassic kunye neCretaceous yeMesozoic, izityalo ezenza amalahle zaziyi-gymnosperms. Iindidi eziphambili zamalahle ziyi-lignite kunye ne-bituminous coal.

Kwinqanaba eliphezulu leCenozoic, izityalo ezenza amalahle zaziyi-angiosperms. Ilahle eliphambili yi-lignite, ilandelwa yi-peat kunye namalahle amancinci angama-bituminous.

Amalahle ngowona mthombo wamandla efosili esasazwa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi, owahlulwe kakhulu ngokweendidi ezine: amalahle e-bituminous kunye ne-anthracite, i-sub-bituminous coal kunye ne-lignite. Umyinge wama-60% ovimba bamalahle ehlabathini ugxile eMelika (25%), kwiriphabliki zaseSoviet (23%) naseChina (12%). Ukongeza, i-Australia, i-Indiya, iJamani kunye noMzantsi Afrika zibalelwa kuma-29% emveliso yamalahle iyonke yehlabathi, kwaye oovimba bamalahle abaqinisekisiweyo bangaphezulu kokuphindwe ngama-63 koovimba be-oyile. Amazwe anovimba bamalahle atyebileyo ehlabathini nawo angamalahle.