Amasondo ahlukaniswe abe amasondo emoto kanye namasondo esitimela. Amasondo esitimela ahlukene ngamasondo enjini yesitimu, amasondo enjini kadizili, amasondo esitimela kagesi namasondo e-axle ahambayo amayunithi amaningi ngokwezinhlobo zezitimela. Amasondo ama-axle ahambayo ezitimela zikadizili, izitimela zikagesi nama-emmu afakwe amagiya okudlulisela emigwaqweni ye-asi. Izimoto zamanje ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye nama-emus athatha amabhuleki ediski, futhi ama-brake disc afakwa emizimbeni ye-asi noma amasondo.

Amasondo ezitimela ze-steam ahlukene ngamasondo ahambayo, amasondo ahambayo, ama-wheelset adonsayo namasondo adonsa amanzi ngamalahle. Ipheya lesondo elingumhlahlandlela litholakala ngaphambili kwesitimela futhi lidlala indima yokuqondisa kwesitimela. Ipheya lamasondo ahambayo lidlala indima yokudlulisa amandla esitimela. Ipheya lesondo lokushayela lishayelwa ngqo i-cylinder piston (piston) ku-rocker, kanti isondo lokushayela lishayelwa yinduku yokuxhuma. Kukhona ama-crank, ama-crank pin holes kanye nama-balanceing blocks enkabeni yamasondo epheya lamasondo ahambayo, futhi ama-crank amasondo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla kufanele abe nomehluko wesigaba esingu-90-degree uma ehlangene. Ama-bearings wesondo elihambayo kanye nesondo eliqondisayo angaphakathi kwesondo. I-wheelset yesigqila kanye ne-coal-water wheelset ziyafana ngesimo samasondo abagibeli nezimoto ezithwala impahla.

Amasondo angamasondo angahlukaniswa abe amasondo anamasondo aginqikayo kanye namasondo anamasondo ashelelayo ngokuya ngezinhlobo zokuthwala ezisebenza kuma-ekseli. Izimoto zabagibeli ze-China Railway zonke sezamukelwa, futhi isibalo sezimoto ezithwala impahla ezinamasondo aginqikayo sikhula usuku nosuku.

Ngokomehluko womthwalo we-axle ovunyelwe kakhulu (umfutho omkhulu we-static okhishwa i-wheelset kumzila wesitimela), i-wheelset ye-sliding beararing ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezine: B, C, D kanye no-E, kanye nobukhulu ama-ekseli namasondo ohlobo ngalunye lwe-wheelset ahlukene ngaphandle kobubanzi besondo; Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamasondo athwala abagibeli nezimoto ezithwala impahla eziginqikayo: i-RC, i-RD ne-RE, futhi kukhona ubude bejenali obuhlukene kusethi yamasondo ngenxa yamamodeli ahlukene wamabheringi aginqikayo, ngakho-ke izinombolo ezilandelayo zisetshenziswa ukuzehlukanisa, njenge-RC kanye ne-RD. Ama-ekseli akhiwe ngensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu yekhabhoni abe amasilinda anobubanzi obuhlukene. Ngokwezinhlobo zezimoto, ingahlukaniswa ngama-ekseli esitimela kanye nama-asile abagibeli naweloli. Ngokohlobo oluthwalayo, ingahlukaniswa ibe i-ekseli ethwele eslayidayo kanye ne-axle ene-rolling.

① Isihlalo esinamasondo, lapho isondo licindezelwa khona, futhi ingxenye enobubanzi obukhulu ku-ekseli;

(2) ijenali, ingxenye ye-ekseli esebenzisana ne-bearing;

(3) Umzimba we-ekseli, ingxenye ephakathi kwamasondo amabili. Eminye imizimba yama-asi yabagibeli nezimoto ezithwala impahla ihlehla kancane kancane isuka esihlalweni esinamasondo iye phakathi nendawo, kanti eminye imizimba yama-asili inobude obuyisilinda. Amagiya okudlulisela ezinqola zikadizili nezitimela zikagesi kanye nama-axle-mounted brake discs ama-axle esitimela ane-disc brakes ahlanganiswa emizimbeni ye-ekseli;

(4) Isihlalo sepuleti elingangenwa uthuli, uguquko phakathi kwejenali ye-asi kanye nesihlalo samasondo ku-asi yabagibeli nezimoto ezithwala impahla, lapho kufakwe khona ipuleti elingangenwa uthuli lebhokisi le-asi elishelelayo noma i-baffle yangemuva ye-asi eginqikayo;

⑤ Amakholomu e-axle, izingxenye ezikuwo womabili ama-axle abagibeli nawezimoto ezithwala impahla eziphuma kumajenali e-asi, asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amabherereyidi ukuthi angahambi kakhulu kumajenali e-asi, futhi awekho amakholomu e-asi kuma-asi aginqikayo;

⑥ Ihlombe elingemuva lejenali kanye nengxenye yejenali eduze kwesihlalo sepuleti elingangenwa izintuli zenziwa inguquko ye-arc ukuze kugwenywe ukugxiliswa kwengcindezi okubangelwa ukushintsha okungazelelwe kobubanzi.

Umthwalo ku-ekseli yesitimela ne-rolling stock uhlala ushintsha, futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-wheelset ilokhu ijikeleza, ingcindezi eshintshanayo ikhiqizwa ku-ekseli. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokuqina wezinto ze-ekseli kufanele uthuthukiswe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, enqubweni yokukhiqiza, i-shaft shaft kufanele icutshungulwe ngokusika okujikelezayo okugcwele, ijenali kanye nesihlalo samasondo kufanele kuqiniswe ngokugoqa, futhi i-groove yokunciphisa umthwalo kufanele ibekwe esihlalweni samasondo kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-arc. (i-rolling bear) yejenali ehlombe elingemuva. Ukutholwa okuqinile kwe-ultrasonic kanye ne-electromagnetic flaw kufanele kwenziwe kuso sonke isikhathi sokusebenzisa.

Ama-axles ngokuvamile aqinile, kodwa ukusabalalisa kokucindezeleka kwe-axle esigabeni esiphambanayo akulingani, futhi ukusondelana nendawo, kukhulu ukucindezeleka, kuyilapho ukucindezeleka phakathi nendawo kuncane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-ekseli engenalutho esikhundleni se-ekseli eqinile ukuze unciphise ithonya eliyingozi lesisindo esingaphumi ezinqoleni nakulayini. Nakuba i-asi engenalutho iye yazanywa iminyaka eminingi kwezitimela zakwamanye amazwe, isacutshungulwa futhi ithuthukiswe ngenxa yesimo sokucindezeleka esiyinkimbinkimbi esisetshenziswayo [1].

Amasondo acindezelwa ku-axle, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwamasondo amabili ku-ekseli efanayo lishintshwa ukuze libe negeji, ukuze i-wheelset ikwazi ukugingqika kumzila wesitimela.

Ingxenye yesondo exhumene nomzila wesitimela, okungukuthi, iringi yangaphandle yesondo, ibizwa ngokuthi i-rim on the integral wheel kanye nesondo esondo lesondo. Ingaphezulu lerimu noma isondo elithinta ujantshi libizwa ngokuthi i-tread, futhi ingxenye ephakanyisiwe ohlangothini olulodwa lwe-tread ibizwa ngokuthi i-rim. Irimu lisehlangothini langaphakathi likajantshi, elingavimbela i-wheelset ukuthi lingachitheki futhi lidlale indima yokuqondisa. Ingxenye yesondo ehlanganiswe ne-ekseli ibizwa ngokuthi ihabhu. Ihabhu norimu kuxhunywe ngama-spokes. Izikhulumi zingaba amadiski aqhubekayo, abizwa ngokuthi ama-spokes; Kungaba futhi inani lamasilinda ahlelwe eduze kwesiqondiso se-radial, okuthiwa ama-spokes.

Ngokwesakhiwo, amasondo angahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: amasondo amathayi kanye namasondo abalulekile. Isondo lesondo lenziwa ngokufaka isondo enkabeni yesondo ngendlela yokufaka ukushisa nokufaka iringi yokulibamba. Iringi ebambayo ingavimbela isondo ukuthi lingaphumi uma isondo nendawo ephakathi kwamasondo kuxege, futhi idlala indima yokuphepha. I-Integral wheel iwukuhlanganisa isondo nerimu esikhungweni samasondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe asebenzisa amasondo anezakhi ezinwebekayo phakathi kwerimu newebhu. Lolu hlobo lwesondo lubizwa ngesondo elinwebekayo, elivame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikaloliwe ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Ekusebenzeni, ingxenye yesondo enesitimela ithwala ingcindezi enkulu futhi indawo yokuxhumana ikhiqiza i-elastic deformation kanye nengcindezi enkulu yokuxhumana. Lapho esebenza, amasondo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla agingqika kumzila wesitimela anobubanzi obuhlukene, okuholela ekusheleleni nasekugugekeni kwamasondo; Uma ubhuleka, ukunyathela kwesondo nakho kugqokwa kakhulu izicathulo zamabhuleki, futhi kukhiqizwa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.

Konke lokhu kudinga ukuthi impahla yokunyathela kwesondo kumele ibe namandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni, ukuqina komthelela kanye nokungagugi kahle. Ihabhu elicindezelwe ku-ekseli ngokuyinhloko linamandla okunwebeka, futhi izikhulumi noma izikhulumi zithwala kuphela ingcindezi namandla okugoba, adinga ukuqina okuphezulu.

Isikhungo sesondo nesondo sesondo lesondo singenziwa ngezinto ezahlukene, ngakho singahlangabezana kangcono nezidingo ezingenhla. Isondo elibalulekile lingaphansi kwesondo lapho likwazi ukumelana nokugqoka, kodwa lilula ngesisindo futhi liyabiza kancane. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, isondo ngeke liphumule futhi liqhekeke. I-China Railway isasebenzisa amasondo amathayi ezitimeleni, futhi zonke izimoto zabagibeli nezimpahla zisebenzise amasondo ensimbi abalulekile.

Inani elilinganiselwe lobubanzi besondo ububanzi besiyingi esigoqayo (indingilizi eyakhiwe ngokuphambana kwendiza ehambisana nohlangothi lwangaphakathi lwesondo kanye nokunyathela kwesondo). Ububanzi bamasondo ezimoto ezithwala impahla, izimoto zabagibeli, izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nezitimela zikagesi ezisetshenziswa eChina Railway angu-840mm, 915mm, 1050mm no-1250mm ngokulandelana. Ububanzi bamasondo ahlukahlukene esitimela se-steam buyahlukahluka kuye ngemodeli, futhi ububanzi bamasondo ahambayo ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-1370 no-2000 mm.

Ulayini wekhonta owakhiwe yirimu yesondo bese unyathela engxenyeni ye-radial yesondo. Ukukhethwa kwerimu lesondo kanye nesimo sokunyathela akuthinti nje kuphela impilo yokuguga nempilo yesevisi yesondo, kodwa futhi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kokudlula kwejika kanye nekhwalithi yokugijima yesitimela nemoto. Irimu livumela amasondo ukuthi adlule kumajika kanye nama-turnout ngokuthembekile ngaphandle kokuchezuka. Ukunyathela kuyi-conical, nge-taper engu-1:10 eduze kwesiyingi esigoqayo.

Uma udlula ejikeni, isondo langaphandle ligingqika kujantshi wangaphandle linobubanzi obukhudlwana eduze korimu, kanti isondo langaphakathi liginqa kumzila ongaphakathi ngobubanzi obuncane, ukuze ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-wheelset idlale indima yokuqondisa. ngokushintsha kwesiqondiso somugqa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, umehluko webanga lokugoqa phakathi kwesondo elingaphakathi nesondo langaphandle lingakwazi ukunxephezela ithonya lomehluko kubude besitimela sangaphakathi kanye nesitimela sangaphandle.

Uma igijima umugqa oqondile, uma i-wheelset ichezuka endaweni yayo emaphakathi kulayini, umehluko phakathi kweradio egoqayo yamasondo amabili uzokwenza i-wheelset ihambe ibheke ekubuyiseleni indawo yayo emaphakathi. I-taper yohlangothi olungaphandle lwesondo ngu-1:5, engakhuphula umehluko phakathi kweradio egoqayo yamasondo amabili e-wheelset futhi yenze kube lula ukudlula ejikeni elincane lerediyasi. Kodwa-ke, ukunyathela kwe-conical futhi kuyimpande yokunyakaza okufana nenyoka kwezitimela nezimoto futhi kuthinta ikhwalithi yokugijima. Ukunciphisa i-taper of tread kuyasiza ukunqanda umnyakazo wokuzingela, kodwa ukugqokwa kwerimu lamasondo kuyabhebhetheka, futhi umjikelezo wesondo nempilo yesevisi yesondo kufinyezwa kakhulu.

Le ndlela isetshenziswa kuphela kwezinye izitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphrofayili yokunyathela yerimu yamasondo igqoka ngokushesha esigabeni sokuqala sokusebenza, bese ijwayele ukuzinza futhi ukugqokwa kuncipha. Ngemuva kokulungiswa kwe-rotary, umumo awukwazi ukugcinwa isikhathi eside, futhi inani lokusika insimbi likhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ojantshi besitimela kwamanye amazwe sebethathe uhlobo lwephrofayili yokunyathela kwamasondo eseduze nesimo sokuguga esizinzile, futhi kubizwa nangokuthi i-wear tread. Ukwamukela lesi simo akukwazi nje ukunciphisa ukuguga kwamasondo futhi kwandise umjikelezo wokulungisa i-rotary, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ingcindezi yokuxhumana ngenxa yokuthuthukisa isimo sokuxhumana se-wheel-rail.