Carbon, hydrogen uye oxygen ndiyo huru organic matter mumarasha, inodarika 95%; Iyo yakadzama coalification, iyo yakakwirira kabhoni yemukati uye inodzika iyo haidrojeni neokisijeni. Carbon nehydrogen zvinhu zvinoburitsa kupisa panguva yekupisa kwemarasha, uye oxygen ndiyo inotsigira kupisa. Kana marasha apiswa, nitrogen haigadziri kupisa, asi inoshandurwa kuita nitrogen oxides uye ammonia pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye inonaya mumahara. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine uye arsenic zvinhu zvinokuvadza mumarasha, izvo sulfuri inonyanya kukosha. Kana marasha akapiswa, yakawanda yesarufa inoiswa oxidized kuva sulfur dioxide (SO2), iyo inobudiswa neflue gas, kusvibisa mhepo, kuisa pangozi kukura kwemhuka nemiti uye hutano hwevanhu, uye midziyo yesimbi inoora; Kana marasha ane yakakwira sulfur yemukati anoshandiswa mumetallurgical coking, anokanganisawo kunaka kwecoke nesimbi. Naizvozvo, zvirimo zve "sarufa" ndeimwe yeakakosha indexes yekuongorora marasha emhando.

Iyo gasi rinopisa rinogadzirwa nekuora kweiyo organic matter mumarasha pasi peimwe tembiricha uye mamiriro anonzi "volatile", iro gasi rakasanganiswa rinoumbwa akasiyana hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide uye mamwe makomisheni. Volatile zvakare ndiyo huru yemhando yemhando yemarasha, iyo inoita basa rakakosha rereferenzi mukuona magadzirirwo uye mashandisiro nzira uye tekinoroji mamiriro emarasha. Marasha ane dhigirii yakaderera coalification ane zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanduka. Kana mamiriro ekupisa asina kukodzera, marasha ane hutsi hwepamusoro anobudisa zviri nyore zvimedu zvekabhoni zvisina kupiswa kana zvichitsva, zvinowanzozivikanwa se "utsi dema"; Uye kugadzira zvimwe zvinosvibisa senge kabhoni monoxide, polycyclic inonhuhwirira hydrocarbons uye aldehydes, uye kushanda kwemafuta kunodzikiswa. Nokudaro, mamiriro akakodzera ekupisa uye midziyo inofanira kusarudzwa maererano nenyaya inoputika yemarasha.

Kune mashoma inorganic zvinhu mumarasha, kunyanya mvura nemamineral, uye kuvapo kwavo kunoderedza kunaka uye kukosha kwekushandisa kwemarasha. Minerals ndiyo inonyanya kusvibiswa mumarasha, akadai se sulfide, sulfate uye carbonate, iyo yakawanda inokuvadza zvikamu.

"Kunyorova" kune simba guru pakugadzirisa uye kushandiswa kwemarasha. Mvura painochinja kuita chiutsi pakutsva, inotora kupisa, nokudaro ichideredza kukosha kwemarasha. Hunyoro mumarasha hunogona kukamurwa kuita hunyoro hwekunze uye hunyoro hwemukati, uye hunyoro hwemukati hunowanzo shandiswa se index yekuongorora kunaka kwemarasha. Kudzikira kwedhigirii remarasha, ndiko kukura kwenzvimbo yemukati yemarasha uye kunowedzera mwando.

"Ash" ndiyo yakasara yakasimba yakasara mushure mekunge marasha apiswa zvachose, uye indekisi yakakosha yemhando yemarasha. Madota anonyanya kubva kumaminerari asingabatike mumarasha. Kana iyo mineral inopiswa, inofanira kutora kupisa, uye yakawanda ye slag ichabvisa kupisa, saka iyo yakakwirira madota, inoderedza kupisa kwekushisa kwekupisa kwemarasha; Kuwanda kwedota, kunowedzera madota nekupisa kwemarasha, uye dota renhunzi rinowedzera kubuda. Kazhinji, madota emazimbe emhando yepamusoro uye marasha akachena akadzikira [1].

Marasha anogoverwa mumakondinendi ese uye zvitsuwa zvegungwa, asi kugoverwa kwemarasha munyika hakuna kuenzana, uye matura emarasha munyika dzakasiyana zvakare akasiyana. China, United States, Russia neGermany dzakapfuma zvikuru mumatura emarasha, uyewo inyika huru dziri kuita marasha pasi rose, pakati padzo China iri nyika ine marasha akawanda pasi rose. Zviwanikwa zvemarasha zveChina zviri pamberi penyika, yechipiri chete kuUnited States, Russian neAustralia [9].

Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yakakosha yemarasha yakatsiviwa nemafuta, kwenguva yakareba, icharamba ichiderera nekuda kwekuderera zvishoma nezvishoma kwemafuta. Nekuda kwekuchengetwa kukuru kwemarasha uye kukurumidza kukura kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, matekinoroji matsva senge marasha gasification akura uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya.

Zvinoenderana neakasiyana ekutanga zvinhu uye mamiriro ekuumbwa kwemarasha, marasha muchisikigo anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka matatu, anoti humus marasha, asara humus marasha uye sapropelic marasha.

China ndiyo nyika yekutanga kushandisa marasha pasi rose. Zvigadzirwa zvemarasha zvakawanikwa munzvimbo yekare yeXinle muRuwa rweLiaoning, uye makeke emarasha akawanikwawo muguta regongyi, Ruwa rweHenan.

MuShan Hai Jing, marasha anonzi stone nie, nepo muWei neJin dynasties, marasha anonzi graphite kana carboniferous. Iro zita marasha rakatanga kushandiswa muCompendium yeMateria Medica naLi Shizhen muMing Dynasty.

Girisi neRoma yekare dzaivewo nyika dzaishandisa marasha kare. Nyanzvi yechiGiriki Theophrastos yakanyora The History of Stone munenge muna 300 BC, iyo yakanyora hunhu nekwakabva marasha. Roma yekare yakatanga kushandisa marasha pakudziya makore 2000 apfuura.

Marasha ihobvu yakakora yeblack humus yakaunganidzwa pasi nemapazi nemidzi yezvirimwa kwemamiriyoni emakore. Nekuda kwekushanduka kwegoko repasi, rinoramba rakavigwa pasi pevhu uye rakaparadzaniswa nemhepo kwenguva yakareba, uye mushure mekutevedzana kwakaoma kwekuchinja kwemuviri nemakemikari pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye kudzvanywa kwepamusoro, inoumba dombo dema rinopisa sedimentary, iro. ndiyo nzira yekugadzira marasha.

Ukobvu hwemusono wemarasha mumugodhi wemarasha hunoenderana nekumhanya kwekuderera kwecrustal uye kuunganidzwa kwechirimwa kunoramba kuri munzvimbo iyi. Goko repasi riri kudonha nekukurumidza, uye chirimwa chacho chasara chakakora, saka marasha mumugodhi uyu wakakora. Mukupesana, goko repasi riri kudonha zvishoma nezvishoma, uye chirimwa chinoramba chiri murwi chitete, saka musono wemarasha mumugodhi wemarasha uyu wakatetepa. Nekuda kwekufamba kunoita goko repasi, marasha ekutanga akachinjika anopetwa uye anotsemuka. Mamwe marasha emarasha anovigwa zvakadzika pasi pevhu, mamwe anosundirwa kunze kumusoro, kana kutoiswa pasi, izvo zviri nyore kuwanikwa nevanhu. Kune zvakare mamwe marasha seams akatetepa uye madiki munzvimbo, saka hapana kukosha kwemigodhi, uye hapana chirevo chakagadziridzwa pamusoro pekuumbwa kwemarasha.

Marasha anoumbwa nenzira iyi here? Kana zvimwe zviratidziro zvichifanira kudzidzwa nekukurukurwa. Mugodhi muhombe wemarasha une musono wakakora wemarasha uye nemhando yepamusoro yemarasha, asi nzvimbo yawo haina kunyanya kukura. Kana iri kuunganidza kwechisikigo kwemashizha nemidzi yemiti kwemamiriyoni emakore, nzvimbo yaro inofanira kuva yakakura zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti masango nemafuro zvakanga zviri kwose kwose panyika munguva dzekare, panofanira kuva nenhamba dzokuchengetera marasha kwose kwose pasi pevhu; Musono wemarasha hausiwo wakanyanya kuwanda, nekuti mashizha nemidzi yemiti inoora kuita humus, iyo inobatwa nemiti. Kana ikadzokororwa, haizove yakanyanya kunyura painozovigwa pasi pevhu, uye muganho pakati pevhu revhu nemusono wemarasha hauzove wakajeka.

Zvisinei, hapana kuramba chokwadi uye hwaro hwekuti marasha anoumbwa chaizvo nekushanduka-shanduka kwemarara ezvirimwa, chinova chokwadi chisingarambiki. Chero bedzi iwe uchinyatsocherechedza chivharo chemarasha, unogona kuona mavara emashizha nemidzi yemiti; Kana ukacheka marasha uye ukaacherechedza pasi pemaikorosikopu, unogona kuwana matishu echirimwa akajeka uye zvimiro, uye dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvakaita sehunde zvinochengetedzwa mumarasha seam, uye mamwe marasha emarasha achiri akaputirwa neakazara tupembenene fossils.

Pasi peyakajairika tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa kwepamusoro, simiti inoramba yakaunganidzwa mumvura yakamira inoshandurwa kuita peat kana sapropelic ne peat kana sapropelic; Mushure mekuvigwa, peat kana sapropelic dhaka inonyura kune yakadzika pasi pevhu nekuda kwekuderera kwebheseni yepasi uye inoshandurwa kuita lignite kuburikidza ne diagenesis; Kana tembiricha uye kumanikidza kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, inoshandurwa kuita bituminous marasha kuti anthracite ne metamorphism. Peatization inoreva maitiro ayo masara emiti yepamusoro anounganidza mumachakwi uye anoshandurwa kuita peat kuburikidza nekuchinja kwebiochemical. Sapropargization inoreva maitiro ekuti zvakasara zvezvipenyu zvakaderera zvinoshandurwa kuita sapropelic dhaka kuburikidza nekuchinja kwebiochemical mumachakwi. Sapropargite imhando yezvinhu zvine madhaka zvakapfuma mumvura uye asphaltene. Glacier process inogona kubatsira mukuunganidzwa nekuchengetedza marasha-anoumba chirimwa chinosara [2].

Zera rekugadzira marasha

Munguva yese ye geological age, kune matatu makuru ekugadzira marasha nguva munyika:

MuPaleozoic Carboniferous nePermian, zvidyarwa zvinogadzira marasha zvaive zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvespore. Mhando huru dzemarasha ndeye bituminous marasha uye anthracite.

MuJurassic neCretaceous yeMesozoic, zvidyarwa zvemarasha zvainyanya gymnosperms. Mhando dzemarasha makuru ndeye lignite uye bituminous marasha.

Muchidzidzo chepamusoro cheCenozoic, zvidyarwa zvekuumba marasha zvaive zvakanyanya angiosperms. Marasha makuru ndeye lignite, inoteverwa ne peat uye mamwe madiki bituminous marasha.

Marasha ndiyo inonyanya kuparadzirwa fossil simba rekushandisa munyika, iyo inonyanya kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: bituminous marasha uye anthracite, sub-bituminous marasha uye lignite. 60% yenzvimbo dzinodzoserwa marasha pasi rose dzakanyanya muUnited States (25%), Soviet republics (23%) neChina (12%). Pamusoro pezvo, Australia, India, Germany neSouth Africa dzinotora 29% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemarasha pasi rose, uye nzvimbo dzakaratidzwa marasha dzinopfuura ka63 dzemafuta ekuchengetedza. Nyika dzine marasha akawanda pasi rose dzine marasha zvakare.