Mpweya, haidrojeni ndi okosijeni ndizomwe zili mu malasha, zomwe zimaposa 95%; Kuzama kwa coalification, kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wa carbon ukhale wokwera kwambiri komanso kutsika kwa haidrojeni ndi okosijeni. Mpweya ndi hydrogen ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga kutentha kwa malasha, ndipo mpweya ndi chinthu chothandizira kuyaka. Malasha akatenthedwa, nayitrogeni samapanga kutentha, koma amasandulika kukhala ma nitrogen oxides ndi ammonia pa kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo amalowetsedwa mumkhalidwe waulere. Sulfure, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine ndi arsenic ndi zinthu zovulaza mu malasha, zomwe sulfure ndizofunikira kwambiri. Malasha akatenthedwa, sulfure yambiri imalowetsedwa mu sulfure dioxide (SO2), yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi mpweya wa flue, kuipitsa mlengalenga, kuyika pachiwopsezo chakukula kwa nyama ndi zomera ndi thanzi la anthu, ndi zida zowononga zitsulo; Pamene malasha okhala ndi sulfure wambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika zitsulo, amakhudzanso ubwino wa coke ndi zitsulo. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zili mu "sulfure" ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira pakuwunika mtundu wa malasha.

The mpweya woyaka opangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu organic mu malasha kutentha zina ndi mikhalidwe amatchedwa "chosakhazikika", umene ndi mpweya wosakanikirana wopangidwa zosiyanasiyana hydrocarbon, haidrojeni, carbon monoxide ndi mankhwala ena. Volatile ndiyenso index yayikulu yamakala, yomwe imakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwunikira njira zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe ukadaulo wa malasha ukuyendera. Malasha okhala ndi digiri yotsika ya coalification amakhala ndi zinthu zosakhazikika. Ngati zinthu kuyaka si koyenera, malasha ndi mkulu kosakhazikika okhutira mosavuta kubala unburned mpweya particles pamene kuyaka, amene amadziwika kuti "utsi wakuda"; Ndipo kupanga zoipitsa zambiri monga carbon monoxide, polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons ndi aldehydes, ndi mphamvu matenthedwe yafupika. Choncho, zinthu zoyenera kuyaka ndi zipangizo ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi vuto la malasha.

Muli zinthu zochepa za malasha, makamaka zamadzi ndi mchere, ndipo kupezeka kwake kumachepetsa ubwino ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malasha. Mchere ndi zonyansa zazikulu za malasha, monga sulfide, sulfate ndi carbonate, zomwe zambiri zimakhala zovulaza.

"Chinyezi" chimakhudza kwambiri kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malasha. Madzi akasintha n’kukhala nthunzi akapsa, amatenga kutentha, motero amachepetsa mphamvu ya malasha. Chinyezi cha malasha chitha kugawidwa kukhala chinyezi chakunja ndi chinyezi chamkati, ndipo chinyezi chamkati chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholozera kuwunika momwe malasha alili. Kutsika kwa mphamvu ya malasha kumapangitsa kuti malasha ayambe kukula komanso chinyezi.

"Phulusa" ndi chotsalira cholimba chomwe chimatsalira malasha atatenthedwa kwathunthu, ndipo ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri cha malasha. Phulusa makamaka limachokera ku mchere wosayaka mu malasha. Pamene mcherewo watenthedwa, uyenera kuyamwa kutentha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa slag kumachotsa kutentha, kotero kumtunda kwa phulusa, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa malasha; Pamene phulusa, m'pamenenso phulusa opangidwa ndi malasha kuyaka, ndi ntchentche kwambiri phulusa kutulutsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, phulusa la malasha apamwamba kwambiri ndi malasha oyera ndi ochepa [1].

Malasha amagawidwa m'makontinenti onse ndi zilumba za m'nyanja, koma kugawidwa kwa malasha padziko lapansi kuli kosiyana kwambiri, ndipo nkhokwe za malasha m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri. China, United States, Russia ndi Germany ali ndi nkhokwe zambiri za malasha, komanso ndi mayiko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapanga malasha, ndipo pakati pawo China ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi malasha ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zida zamakala zaku China zili patsogolo padziko lapansi, zachiwiri ku United States, Russia ndi Australia [9].

Ngakhale kuti malo ofunikira a malasha asinthidwa ndi mafuta, kwa nthawi yayitali, adzatsika mosapeŵeka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mafuta. Chifukwa cha nkhokwe zazikulu za malasha komanso kupita patsogolo kofulumira kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, umisiri watsopano monga kuphatikizira malasha afika pokhwima komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Malinga ndi zida zoyambira komanso momwe amapangira malasha, malasha m'chilengedwe amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu, omwe ndi malasha a humus, malasha otsalira a humus ndi malasha a sapropelic.

China ndi dziko loyamba kugwiritsa ntchito malasha padziko lonse lapansi. Zojambula zamakala zapezedwa m'malo achikhalidwe akale a Xinle m'chigawo cha Liaoning, komanso makeke amakala mu mzinda wa gongyi, m'chigawo cha Henan.

Ku Shan Hai Jing, malasha amatchedwa stone nie, pomwe ku Wei ndi Jin Dynasties, malasha amatchedwa graphite kapena carboniferous. Dzina la malasha linagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu Compendium of Materia Medica ndi Li Shizhen mu Ming Dynasty.

Greece ndi Roma wakale analinso mayiko omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito malasha kale. Katswiri wina wachigiriki dzina lake Theophrastos analemba buku lakuti The History of Stone cha m’ma 300 BC, lomwe linalemba mmene malasha analili komanso chiyambi chake. Roma wakale adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malasha kutenthetsa pafupifupi zaka 2000 zapitazo.

Malasha ndi mtundu wokhuthala kwambiri wa humus wakuda wounjikana pansi ndi nthambi ndi mizu ya zomera kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, nthawi zonse imakwiriridwa pansi pa nthaka ndikulekanitsidwa ndi mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo pambuyo pa kusintha kwa thupi ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu, kumapanga thanthwe lakuda loyaka moto, lomwe limapangitsa kuti likhale lakuda. ndi njira yopangira malasha.

Kuchuluka kwa msoko wa malasha mu mgodi wa malasha kumayenderana ndi liwiro la kutsika kwa crustal ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumakhalabe m'derali. Kutumbika kwa dziko lapansi kukugwa mofulumira, ndipo zotsalira za zomerazo zaunjikana mochindikala, kotero kuti msoko wa malasha mumgodi wa malashawu umakhala wandiweyani. M'malo mwake, kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi kukugwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zotsalira za mbewuzo zimawunjikana zoonda, kotero kuti msoko wa malasha mumgodi wa malashawu ndi woonda. Chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa nthaka pansi pa nthaka, mizere yopingasa yoyambilira ya malasha imapindidwa ndi kusweka. Zingwe za malasha zimakwiriridwa mozama pansi, zina zimakankhidwira pamwamba, kapena ngakhale pansi, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzipeza ndi anthu. Palinso nsonga za malasha zomwe zimakhala zoonda komanso zazing'ono m'deralo, kotero palibe phindu la migodi, ndipo palibe mawu osinthidwa okhudza mapangidwe a malasha.

Kodi malasha amapangidwa motere? Ngati zowonetsera zina ziyenera kuphunziridwanso ndikukambidwa. Mgodi wawukulu wa malasha uli ndi msoko wandiweyani wa malasha komanso mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa malasha, koma dera lake si lalikulu kwambiri. Ngati ndi chilengedwe cha masamba ndi mizu ya zomera kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, dera lake liyenera kukhala lalikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti nkhalango ndi udzu zinali ponseponse padziko lapansi m’nthaŵi zakale, payenera kukhala zizindikiro zosungiramo malasha paliponse pansi pa nthaka; Msoko wa malasha sukhala wandiweyani kwambiri, chifukwa masamba ndi mizu ya zomera zimavunda kukhala humus, yomwe imatengedwa ndi zomera. Ngati zibwerezedwa, sizidzakhazikika kwambiri pamene pamapeto pake zidzakwiriridwa pansi, ndipo malire a nthaka wosanjikiza ndi msoko wa malasha sadzakhala womveka bwino.

Komabe, palibe kutsutsa chowonadi ndi maziko oti malasha amapangidwadi ndi kusinthika kwadongosolo kwa zinyalala za zomera, chomwe ndi chowonadi chosatsutsika. Malingana ngati muyang'anitsitsa chipika cha malasha, mukhoza kuona masamba ndi mizu ya zomera; Mukadula malasha ndikuwayang'ana pa maikulosikopu, mutha kupeza minyewa yowoneka bwino ya zomera ndi kapangidwe kake, ndipo nthawi zina zinthu ngati mitengo ikuluikulu zimasungidwa m'mitsinje ya malasha, ndipo nsonga za malasha zimakulungidwabe ndi zotsalira za tizilombo tambiri.

Pansi pa kutentha kwabwino komanso kupanikizika pamwamba, mbewuyo imakhalabe itasonkhanitsidwa m'madzi osasunthika imasinthidwa kukhala peat kapena sapropelic ndi peat kapena sapropelic; Pambuyo pa kuikidwa m'manda, peat kapena matope a sapropelic amamira pansi pa nthaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa beseni lapansi ndipo amasandulika kukhala lignite kudzera mu diagenesis; Pamene kutentha ndi kupanikizika kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, amasandulika malasha a bituminous kuti anthracite ndi metamorphism. Peatization imatanthawuza njira yomwe zotsalira za zomera zapamwamba zimadziunjikira m'madambo ndipo zimasinthidwa kukhala peat kupyolera mu kusintha kwa biochemical. Sapropargization imatanthawuza njira yomwe zotsalira za zamoyo zochepa zimasandulika kukhala matope a sapropelic kupyolera mu kusintha kwachilengedwe m'madambo. Sapropargite ndi mtundu wamatope omwe ali ndi madzi ndi asphaltene. Njira ya Glacier ingathandize kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga zomera zopanga malasha [2].

Zaka za kupanga malasha

M'zaka zonse za geological, pali nthawi zitatu zazikulu zopanga malasha padziko lapansi:

Mu Paleozoic Carboniferous ndi Permian, zomera zopanga malasha zinali makamaka zomera za spore. Mitundu yayikulu ya malasha ndi malasha a bituminous ndi anthracite.

Mu Jurassic ndi Cretaceous wa Mesozoic, zomera zopanga malasha zinali makamaka ma gymnosperms. Mitundu yayikulu ya malasha ndi malasha a lignite ndi bituminous.

Ku tertiary ya Cenozoic, zomera zopanga malasha zinali makamaka angiosperms. Malasha akuluakulu ndi lignite, kenako peat ndi malasha ang'onoang'ono a bituminous.

Malasha ndi omwe amagawidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amagawidwa m'magulu anayi: malasha a bituminous ndi anthracite, sub-bituminous malasha ndi lignite. 60% ya nkhokwe za malasha zomwe zingapezeke padziko lapansi zimakhazikika ku United States (25%), Soviet republic (23%) ndi China (12%). Kuonjezera apo, Australia, India, Germany ndi South Africa zimapanga 29% ya dziko lonse lapansi kupanga malasha, ndipo nkhokwe za malasha zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndizoposa 63 za nkhokwe za mafuta. Mayiko omwe ali ndi nkhokwe za malasha olemera padziko lapansi nawonso ndi malasha.