Carbon, hydrogen na oxygen bụ isi ihe dị na coal, na-aza ihe karịrị 95%; Ka nchikota nke dị omimi karị, ka carbon dị elu na-abawanye ma na-ebelata ọdịnaya hydrogen na oxygen. Carbon na hydrogen bụ ihe na-emepụta okpomọkụ n'oge ọkụ ọkụ, oxygen bụ ihe na-akwado combustion. Mgbe ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, nitrogen anaghị emepụta okpomọkụ, kama ọ na-agbanwe ghọọ nitrogen oxides na amonia na okpomọkụ dị elu, ma na-ebuli ya na steeti efu. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine na arsenic bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na kol, nke sọlfọ bụ ihe kacha mkpa. Mgbe a na-agba ọkụ, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime sọlfọ ahụ na-aghọ sọlfọ dioxide (SO2), bụ́ nke a na-ebupụ site na flue gas, na-emetọ ikuku, na-etinye uto nke anụmanụ na osisi na ahụike mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ, na-emebi ngwá ọrụ ígwè; Mgbe a na-eji coal nwere ọdịnaya sọlfọ dị elu na coking metallurgical, ọ na-emetụtakwa ogo coke na ígwè. Ya mere, ọdịnaya nke "sulfur" bụ otu n'ime ihe ndekọ dị mkpa iji nyochaa àgwà coal.

A na-akpọ gas combustible nke sitere na nbibi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na coal n'okpuru ụfọdụ okpomọkụ na ọnọdụ a na-akpọ "na-agbanwe agbanwe", nke bụ gas agwakọta nke nwere hydrocarbons dị iche iche, hydrogen, carbon monoxide na ogige ndị ọzọ. Volatile bụkwa isi ihe nrịbama coal, nke na-arụ ọrụ ntụaka dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ụzọ nhazi na ojiji na ọnọdụ teknụzụ nke coal. Coal nwere ogo coalification dị ala nwere ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ combustion adịghị mma, coal nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya na-agbanwe agbanwe ga-adị mfe ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ carbon na-adịghị ọkụ mgbe ọ na-ere ọkụ, nke a na-akpọkarị "ọkụ ojii"; Ma na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe dị ka carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons na aldehydes, na ọkụ ọkụ na-ebelata. Ya mere, a ga-ahọrọ ọnọdụ ọkụ na akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị dịka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke coal.

Enwere ihe inorganic ole na ole na kol, tumadi mmiri na mineral, na ịdị adị ha na-ebelata ogo na uru bara uru nke coal. Nri bụ isi adịghị ọcha na kol, dị ka sulfide, sulfate na carbonate, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ.

"Uru mmiri" nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi na itinye n'ọrụ nke coal. Mgbe mmiri na-agbanwe n'ime uzuoku n'oge combustion, ọ na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ, si otú ahụ na-ebelata calorific uru nke coal. Enwere ike kewaa mmiri dị na kol ka ọ bụrụ mmiri dị n'èzí na mmiri dị n'ime, na mmiri dị n'ime ya na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ndeksi iji nyochaa àgwà coal. N'ịdị elu nke coalification, otú ahụ ka akụkụ dị n'ime ala nke coal na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu.

"Ash" bụ ihe fọdụrụ siri ike fọdụrụ mgbe a gbachara coal ọkụ, ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa nrịbama àgwà coal. Ash na-esite na mineral anaghị ere ọkụ na kol. Mgbe a na-akpọ mineral ahụ ọkụ, ọ kwesịrị ịmịkọrọ okpomọkụ, na nnukwu ego nke slag ga-ewepụ okpomọkụ, otú ahụ ka ntụ ntụ dị elu, na-ebelata arụmọrụ okpomọkụ nke combustion coal; Ka uyi na-abawanye, ka ntụ na-esi na kol na-emepụta, na ntụ ijiji na-apụkwa. N'ozuzu, ọdịnaya ntụ nke coal dị oke mma yana coal dị ọcha dị obere [1].

A na-ekesa coal na kọntinent niile na agwaetiti dị n'oké osimiri, mana nkesa nke coal n'ụwa enweghị oke, na nchekwa nke coal na mba dị iche iche dịkwa nnọọ iche. China, United States, Russia na Germany bara ụba na coal, ha bụkwa mba ndị bụ isi na-emepụta coal n'ụwa, n'ime nke China bụ obodo nwere oke coal n'ụwa. Akụ akụ nke China dị n'ihu ụwa, nke abụọ na United States, Russian na Australian [9].

Ọ bụ ezie na e jiri mmanụ dochie anya ọnọdụ dị mkpa nke coal, ruo ogologo oge, ọ ga-adarịrị n'ihi na mmanụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata. N'ihi nnukwu nchekwa coal na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke sayensị na teknụzụ, teknụzụ ọhụrụ dị ka ikuku gas aghọwo ndị tozuru okè ma jiri ya mee ihe.

Dị ka ihe dị iche iche mbụ na ọnọdụ nke coal guzobere, coal na ọdịdị nwere ike kewaa atọ, ya bụ humus coal, ihe fọdụrụ humus coal na sapropelic coal.

China bụ obodo mbụ ji coal eme ihe n'ụwa. Achọtara ọrụ aka coal na ebe ọdịnala ochie nke Xinle na Liaoning Province, a hụkwara achịcha coal n'obodo gongyi, Province Henan.

Na Shan Hai Jing, a na-akpọ coal nkume nie, ebe na usoro ndị eze Wei na Jin, a na-akpọ coal graphite ma ọ bụ carboniferous. Aha coal bụ nke izizi na Compendium of Materia Medica site n'aka Li Shizhen na usoro Ming.

Gris na Rom oge ochie bụkwa mba ndị na-eji coal eme ihe na mbụ. Ọkammụta Greek Theophrastos dere The History of Stone n'ihe dị ka 300 BC, nke dekọrọ ọdịdị na mmalite nke coal. Rome oge ochie malitere iji coal maka ikpo ọkụ ihe dị ka afọ 2000 gara aga.

Coal bụ akwa humus ojii na-akwakọba n'ala site na alaka na mgbọrọgwụ osisi ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ. N'ihi mgbanwe nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa, ọ na-anọgide na-eli n'okpuruala na dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ikuku ruo ogologo oge, na mgbe a usoro mgbagwoju anya nke anụ ahụ na chemical mgbanwe n'okpuru elu okpomọkụ na elu nrụgide, ọ na-etolite a nwa combustible sedimentary nkume, nke. bụ usoro nhazi nke coal.

Ọkpụrụkpụ nke coal seam n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal metụtara ọsọ nke mbelata crustal na mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ dị na mpaghara a. Akpụkpọ anụ nke ụwa na-ada ngwa ngwa, na ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'osisi ahụ na-ekpokọba n'oké ọhịa, ya mere eriri coal dị n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal dị oke. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, eriri nke ụwa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ada, na ihe fọdụrụ na-ekpokọta ihe ọkụkụ, n'ihi ya, eriri coal dị n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal dị gịrịgịrị. N'ihi mmegharị ahụ tectonic nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa, a na-apịaji ma gbajie eriri coal mbụ ahụ. A na-eli ụfọdụ ihe nkedo coal n'ime ala, a na-akwapụ ndị ọzọ n'elu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna kpughee ya n'ala, nke dị mfe ịchọta ndị mmadụ. E nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe mkpuchi coal nke dị ntakịrị ma dị ntakịrị na mpaghara, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị uru ngwuputa, ọ dịghịkwa nkwupụta emelitere banyere nhazi nke coal.

A na-esi otu a akpụ kol? Ma ekwesịrị ịmụkwu na ntụle ụfọdụ ngosi. Otu nnukwu ebe a na-egwupụta kol nwere oke oke coal na ezigbo coal, mana mpaghara ya adịghị nnukwu oke n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ mkpokọta akwụkwọ na mgbọrọgwụ osisi ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, mpaghara ya kwesịrị ịdị ukwuu. N'ihi na oke ọhịa na ala ahịhịa dị n'ụwa niile n'oge ochie, e kwesịrị inwe ebe nchekwa icheku ọkụ n'ebe niile n'okpuru ala; Ngwunye coal abụghị nnukwu oke, n'ihi na akwụkwọ na mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi na-ada n'ime humus, nke osisi ga-etinye obi gị dum. Ọ bụrụ na a na-emegharị ya ugboro ugboro, ọ gaghị etinye uche ya mgbe emechara lie ya n'okpuru ala, na ókè dị n'etiti oyi akwa na coal adịghị apụta ìhè.

Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ịgọnarị eziokwu na ndabere na coal na-etolite n'ezie site n'usoro evolushọn nke ihe ọkụkụ, nke bụ eziokwu a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Ọ bụrụhaala na ị na-akpachara anya na-ekiri ihe mgbochi coal, ị nwere ike ịhụ akara nke akwụkwọ na mgbọrọgwụ osisi; Ọ bụrụ na i berie coal wee hụ ya n'okpuru microscope, ị nwere ike ịhụ anụ ahụ na ihe owuwu osisi doro anya, na mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ka ogwe na coal seams, na ụfọdụ coal seams ka na-ejiri ụmụ ahụhụ zuru oke.

N'okpuru okpomọkụ nkịtị na nrụgide nke elu, osisi na-anọgide na-akwakọba na mmiri na-adịghị na-agbanwe ghọọ peat ma ọ bụ sapropelic site peat ma ọ bụ sapropelic; Mgbe e lichara ya, peat ma ọ bụ apịtị sapropelic na-adaba n'ime ala dị omimi n'ihi mbelata nke okpuru ulo ma gbanwee ghọọ lignite site na digenesis; Mgbe okpomọkụ na nrụgide ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, ọ na-agbanwe ghọọ coal bituminous ka anthracite site na metamorphism. Peatization na-ezo aka na usoro nke foduru nke osisi ndị dị elu na-agbakọta na swamps wee ghọọ peat site na mgbanwe biochemical. Sapropargization na-ezo aka na usoro nke na-agbanwe ihe foduru nke ihe ndị dị ala ka ọ bụrụ apịtị sapropelic site na mgbanwe biochemical na swamps. Sapropargite bụ ụdị apịtị nwere mmiri na asphaltene. Usoro glacier nwere ike itinye aka na nchịkọta na ichekwa ihe ndị na-emepụta coal [2].

Oge nhazi nke coal

N'ime afọ geological dum, e nwere oge atọ bụ isi na-emepụta coal n'ụwa:

Na Paleozoic Carboniferous na Permian, osisi ndị na-akpụ coal bụ osisi ndị na-akpụ akpụ. Ụdị coal bụ isi bụ coal bituminous na anthracite.

Na Jurassic na Cretaceous nke Mesozoic, osisi na-akpụ coal bụkarị gymnosperms. Ụdị coal bụ isi bụ lignite na coal bituminous.

N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Cenozoic, osisi ndị na-akpụ coal bụkarị angiosperms. Coal bụ isi bụ lignite, peat na ụfọdụ obere coal bituminous sochiri ya.

Coal bụ akụrụngwa ike fossil kacha ekesa n'ụwa, nke a na-ekewa n'ime ụzọ anọ: coal bituminous na anthracite, coal sub-bituminous na lignite. 60% nke nchekwa coal nwere ike nwetaghachi n'ụwa ka etinyere na United States (25%), mba Soviet (23%) na China (12%). Na mgbakwunye, Australia, India, Germany na South Africa na-akpata 29% nke mkpokọta coal a na-emepụta n'ụwa, na ichekwa coal egosipụtara karịrị okpukpu 63 karịa nke nchekwa mmanụ. Mba ndị nwere oke coal n'ụwa bụkwa coal.