Cov pa roj carbon, hydrogen thiab oxygen yog cov organic tseem ceeb hauv cov thee, suav txog ntau dua 95%; Qhov sib sib zog nqus coalification, qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus carbon thiab qis dua cov ntsiab lus hydrogen thiab oxygen. Cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen yog cov ntsiab lus uas tsim kom muaj cua sov thaum lub sij hawm coal combustion, thiab oxygen yog lub combustion-txhawb lub ntsiab. Thaum cov thee hlawv, nitrogen tsis tsim kom sov, tab sis hloov mus rau nitrogen oxides thiab ammonia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab yog precipitated nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine thiab arsenic yog cov khoom tsis zoo hauv cov thee, ntawm cov sulfur yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thaum cov thee raug hlawv, feem ntau ntawm cov sulfur yog oxidized rau hauv sulfur dioxide (SO2), uas yog tawm nrog cov pa taws, ua rau cov huab cua phem, ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, thiab corroding hlau khoom; Thaum cov thee nrog cov ntsiab lus sulfur siab siv hauv metallurgical coking, nws kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm coke thiab hlau. Yog li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "sulfur" yog ib qho tseem ceeb indexes los soj ntsuam cov thee zoo.

Cov roj hluav taws xob uas tsim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv cov thee nyob rau hauv qee qhov kub thiab txias yog hu ua "volatile", uas yog cov roj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide thiab lwm cov tebchaw. Volatile kuj yog lub ntsiab thee zoo Performance index, uas plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua thiab kev siv thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov thee. Coal nrog qis coalification degree muaj ntau qhov teeb meem tsis haum. Yog tias qhov kev sib tsoo tsis tsim nyog, cov thee uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo yuav yooj yim tsim cov pa roj carbon monoxide thaum hlawv, feem ntau hu ua "cov pa luam yeeb dub"; Thiab tsim cov pa phem ntau xws li carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons thiab aldehydes, thiab cov thermal efficiency txo. Yog li ntawd, tsim nyog combustion tej yam kev mob thiab cov cuab yeej siv yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li volatile teeb meem ntawm thee.

Muaj ob peb yam inorganic nyob rau hauv cov thee, feem ntau yog dej thiab minerals, thiab lawv cov hav zoov txo qhov zoo thiab siv tus nqi ntawm cov thee. Minerals yog lub ntsiab impurities hauv thee, xws li sulfide, sulfate thiab carbonate, feem ntau yog cov khoom tsis zoo.

"Moisture" muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua thiab kev siv cov thee. Thaum dej hloov mus rau hauv chav thaum lub sij hawm combustion, nws absorbs tshav kub, yog li txo tus nqi calorific ntawm thee. Cov dej noo hauv cov thee tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov dej noo sab hauv thiab sab hauv, thiab cov dej noo sab hauv feem ntau yog siv los ua qhov ntsuas los ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov thee. Qhov qis qis ntawm coalification, qhov loj dua qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm cov thee thiab qhov siab dua cov dej noo.

"Tshauv" yog cov khoom seem tshuav tom qab cov thee raug hlawv tag, thiab nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov zoo. Tshauv mas yog los ntawm incombustible minerals nyob rau hauv thee. Thaum cov ntxhia yog incinerated, nws yuav tsum nqus cua sov, thiab ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm slag yuav tshem tawm cov cua sov, yog li qhov ntau dua cov tshauv, lub thermal efficiency ntawm thee combustion yuav qis dua; Cov tshauv ntau dua, cov tshauv ntau dua los ntawm cov thee combustion, thiab cov tshauv ya tawm ntau dua. Feem ntau, cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov thee zoo thiab cov thee huv yog qhov tsawg [1].

Coal yog faib nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov continents thiab dej hiav txwv Islands tuaj, tab sis kev faib cov thee nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog heev uneven, thiab reserves ntawm thee nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws kuj txawv heev. Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Russia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog cov nplua nuj nyob hauv thee reserves, thiab lawv kuj yog lub teb chaws tsim cov thee loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog Suav teb yog lub tebchaws uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tuam Tshoj cov peev txheej thee yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thib ob tsuas yog Tebchaws Meskas, Lavxias thiab Australian [9].

Txawm hais tias txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov thee tau raug hloov los ntawm cov roj, rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws yuav tsis muaj kev poob qis vim yog cov roj gradual depletion. Vim muaj kev cia siab loj ntawm cov thee thiab kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li thee gasification tau dhau los ua neeg paub tab thiab siv dav.

Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom qub thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim cov thee, thee hauv qhov tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg, xws li humus thee, residual humus thee thiab sapropelic thee.

Tuam Tshoj yog thawj lub teb chaws siv thee hauv ntiaj teb. Coal handicrafts tau pom nyob rau hauv Xinle ancient kab lis kev cai chaw nyob rau hauv Liaoning xeev, thiab thee ncuav mog qab zib kuj pom nyob rau hauv lub nroog gongyi, Henan xeev.

Hauv Shan Hai Jing, thee hu ua pob zeb nie, thaum nyob hauv Wei thiab Jin dynasties, thee hu ua graphite lossis carboniferous. Lub npe thee yog thawj zaug siv hauv Compendium of Materia Medica los ntawm Li Shizhen hauv Ming Dynasty.

Tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome thaum ub kuj yog lub tebchaws uas siv cov thee ua ntej. Tus kws tshawb fawb Greek Theophrastos tau sau Keeb Kwm ntawm Pob Zeb nyob rau xyoo 300 BC, uas tau sau txog qhov xwm txheej thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov thee. Ancient Rome pib siv thee rau cua sov li 2000 xyoo dhau los.

Coal yog ib txheej tuab heev ntawm cov humus dub sau rau hauv av los ntawm cov ceg thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau ntau lab xyoo. Vim hais tias ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, nws yog tsis tu ncua faus nyob rau hauv av thiab cais tawm ntawm huab cua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, thiab tom qab ib tug series ntawm nyuaj lub cev thiab tshuaj hloov nyob rau hauv kub thiab kub siab, nws tsim ib tug dub combustible sedimentary pob zeb, uas. yog cov txheej txheem tsim cov thee.

Lub thickness ntawm lub thee seam nyob rau hauv lub thee mine muaj feem xyuam rau qhov ceev ntawm crustal poob thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no. Lub ntiaj teb crust ntog sai, thiab cov nroj tsuag seem yog piled tuab, yog li cov thee seam nyob rau hauv no thee mine yog tuab. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lub ntiaj teb crust poob qis, thiab cov nroj tsuag seem yog piled nyias, yog li cov thee seam nyob rau hauv cov thee mine yog nyias. Vim yog lub tectonic txav ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, tus thawj kab rov tav coal seams yog folded thiab fractured. Qee qhov coal seams tau faus tob hauv av, lwm tus raug thawb tawm mus rau saum npoo, lossis txawm tias raug rau hauv av, uas yooj yim rau cov neeg. Kuj tseem muaj qee qhov thee seams uas nyias nyias thiab me me nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam, yog li tsis muaj nqi mining, thiab tsis muaj cov lus qhia tshiab txog kev tsim cov thee.

Puas yog thee tsim los ntawm txoj kev no? Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev nthuav tawm yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv thiab sib tham. Ib lub pob zeb loj loj muaj qhov tuab tuab thiab cov thee zoo heev, tab sis nws thaj chaw tsis loj heev. Yog hais tias nws yog ib qho ntuj tsub zuj zuj ntawm nplooj thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau ntau lab xyoo, nws cheeb tsam yuav tsum loj heev. Vim cov hav zoov thiab cov nyom tau nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, yuav tsum muaj cov cim ntawm cov thee cia nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv av; Lub thee seam tsis tas yuav tuab heev, vim hais tias nplooj thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag rot rau hauv humus, uas yuav absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Yog hais tias nws rov qab, nws yuav tsis yog li ntawd concentrated thaum nws yog thaum kawg faus nyob rau hauv av, thiab ciam teb ntawm av txheej thiab thee seam yuav tsis meej li.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov tsis lees paub qhov tseeb thiab lub hauv paus uas cov thee yog tiag tiag tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag khib nyiab, uas yog qhov tseeb irrefutable. Tsuav koj ua tib zoo saib cov thee thaiv, koj tuaj yeem pom cov kab ntawm nplooj thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag; Yog tias koj hlais cov thee thiab saib nws hauv lub tshuab ntsuas, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov qauv, thiab qee zaum cov khoom xws li cov pob tw tau khaws cia rau hauv cov seams, thiab qee qhov coal seams tseem qhwv nrog cov kab ua tiav.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov chaw, cov nroj tsuag tseem khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov dej stagnant hloov mus rau hauv peat los yog sapropelic los ntawm peat los yog sapropelic; Tom qab faus, peat los yog sapropelic av nkos mus rau qhov tob hauv av vim qhov poob ntawm lub phiab hauv qab daus thiab hloov mus rau lignite los ntawm diagenesis; Thaum qhov kub thiab txias maj mam nce, nws tau hloov mus rau hauv bituminous thee rau anthracite los ntawm metamorphism. Peatization yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua tau sau rau hauv swamps thiab hloov mus rau hauv peat los ntawm kev hloov pauv biochemical. Sapropargization yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas cov seem ntawm cov kab mob qis tau hloov mus rau hauv sapropelic av nkos los ntawm biochemical hloov hauv swamps. Sapropargite yog ib hom av nkos uas nplua nuj nyob hauv dej thiab asphaltene. Cov txheej txheem Glacier tuaj yeem pab txhawb rau kev sau thiab khaws cia ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tseem tshuav [2].

Lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev tsim cov thee

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub hnub nyoog geological, muaj peb lub sij hawm loj-tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no:

Hauv Paleozoic Carboniferous thiab Permian, thee-forming nroj tsuag yog cov nroj tsuag spores. Cov thee tseem ceeb yog cov thee bituminous thiab anthracite.

Nyob rau hauv Jurassic thiab Cretaceous ntawm Mesozoic, thee-forming nroj tsuag feem ntau yog gymnosperms. Cov hom thee tseem ceeb yog lignite thiab bituminous thee.

Nyob rau hauv tertiary ntawm Cenozoic, thee-forming nroj tsuag feem ntau yog angiosperms. Cov thee tseem ceeb yog lignite, ua raws li peat thiab qee cov tub ntxhais hluas bituminous thee.

Coal yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, uas feem ntau muab faib ua plaub pawg: bituminous thee thiab anthracite, sub-bituminous thee thiab lignite. 60% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov qab tau muaj nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas (25%), Soviet koom pheej (23%) thiab Tuam Tshoj (12%). Tsis tas li ntawd, Australia, Is Nrias teb, Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab South Africa suav txog 29% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tag nrho, thiab cov pov thawj pov thawj muaj ntau dua 63 npaug ntawm cov roj reserves. Lub teb chaws uas nplua nuj thee reserves nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kuj yog thee.