Carbon, hydrogen da oxygen sune manyan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwal, suna lissafin fiye da 95%; Zurfafa haɗin gwiwar, mafi girman abun ciki na carbon da ƙananan abubuwan hydrogen da oxygen. Carbon da hydrogen su ne abubuwan da ke haifar da zafi yayin konewar kwal, kuma iskar oxygen shine sinadari mai tallafawa konewa. Lokacin da aka kone gawayi, nitrogen ba ya haifar da zafi, amma yana rikidewa zuwa nitrogen oxides da ammonia a yanayin zafi mai zafi, kuma yana tasowa a cikin yanayi mai kyauta. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine da arsenic sune abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin kwal, wanda sulfur shine mafi mahimmanci. Lokacin da aka kona gawayi, yawancin sulfur yana zama oxidized zuwa sulfur dioxide (SO2), wanda ake fitarwa da iskar hayaki, yana gurɓata yanayi, yana haifar da ci gaban dabbobi da tsirrai da lafiyar ɗan adam, da lalata kayan ƙarfe; Lokacin da aka yi amfani da gawayi mai yawan sulfur a cikin coking na ƙarfe, yana kuma rinjayar ingancin coke da karfe. Saboda haka, abun ciki na "sulfur" yana daya daga cikin mahimman bayanai don kimanta ingancin kwal.

Gas mai konawa da ake samu ta hanyar bazuwar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwal a karkashin wasu yanayi da yanayin ana kiransa "mai canzawa", wanda shi ne gauraye da ya hada da nau'ikan hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide da sauran mahadi. Volatile kuma shine babban ma'aunin ingancin kwal, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance hanyoyin sarrafawa da amfani da yanayin fasaha na kwal. Coal tare da ƙananan digiri na haɗin gwiwa yana da ƙarin al'amura masu canzawa. Idan yanayin konewa bai dace ba, gawayin da ke da babban abun ciki mai canzawa zai iya samar da barbashi na carbon da ba a kone ba yayin konewa, wanda aka fi sani da "baƙar hayaki"; Kuma ana samar da ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons da aldehydes, kuma tasirin thermal yana raguwa. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a zaɓi yanayin konewa da ya dace da kayan aiki bisa ga ƙayyadaddun al'amari na kwal.

Akwai 'yan abubuwan da ba su da tushe a cikin kwal, galibi ruwa da ma'adanai, kuma kasancewarsu yana rage inganci da ƙimar amfani da gawayi. Ma'adanai sune manyan ƙazanta a cikin kwal, irin su sulfide, sulfate da carbonate, mafi yawansu abubuwa ne masu cutarwa.

"Danshi" yana da babban tasiri akan sarrafawa da amfani da gawayi. Lokacin da ruwa ya canza zuwa tururi yayin konewa, yana ɗaukar zafi, don haka rage ƙimar calorific na kwal. Ana iya raba danshi a cikin gawayi zuwa danshi na waje da danshi na ciki, kuma ana amfani da danshi gaba daya a matsayin ma'auni don kimanta ingancin kwal. Ƙananan digiri na haɗin gwiwar, mafi girma a cikin sararin samaniya na ciki da kuma mafi girma da abun ciki na danshi.

"Ash" shine ragowar ragowar da aka bari bayan an ƙone kwal gaba daya, kuma yana da mahimmancin ingancin kwal. Toka ya fi fitowa daga ma'adanai marasa ƙonewa a cikin gawayi. Lokacin da aka ƙone ma'adinan, ya kamata ya sha zafi, kuma babban adadin slag zai kawar da zafi, don haka mafi girma da ash, ƙananan ƙarancin zafin jiki na konewa; Yawan toka, tokar da ake samu ta hanyar konewar kwal, da kuma yawan tokar kuda. Gabaɗaya, abun cikin ash na gawayi mai inganci da tsaftataccen gawayi yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi [1].

Ana rarraba kwal a duk nahiyoyi da tsibiran teku, amma rabon kwal a duniya bai yi daidai ba, kuma ma'adinan kwal a kasashe daban-daban ma ya bambanta sosai. Kasashen Sin da Amurka da Rasha da Jamus na da arzikin ma'adinin kwal, kuma su ne manyan kasashe masu samar da kwal a duniya, inda kasar Sin ta kasance kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa yawan kwal a duniya. Albarkatun kwal na kasar Sin na kan gaba a duniya, sai Amurka, Rasha da Australia [9].

Duk da cewa an maye gurbin muhimmin matsayi na kwal da man fetur, amma tsawon lokaci, babu makawa zai ragu saboda raguwar man da ake yi a hankali. Saboda dumbin arzikin da ake samu na kwal da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha cikin sauri, sabbin fasahohi kamar iskar gas sun zama balagagge kuma ana amfani da su sosai.

Dangane da nau'ikan kayan asali daban-daban da yanayin samuwar kwal, ana iya raba kwal a cikin yanayi zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku, wato humus coal, ragowar humus coal da sapropelic coal.

Kasar Sin ita ce kasa ta farko da ta fara amfani da kwal a duniya. An gano kayan aikin hannu na kwal a tsohon wurin al'adu na Xinle da ke lardin Liaoning, an kuma gano biredin kwal a garin gongyi na lardin Henan.

A Shan Hai Jing, ana kiran gawayi dutse nie, yayin da a daular Wei da Jin, ana kiran kwal graphite ko carboniferous. An fara amfani da sunan kwal a cikin Compendium of Materia Medica ta Li Shizhen a Daular Ming.

Girka da Roma ta dā su ma ƙasashen da suke amfani da gawayi a baya. Masanin Hellenanci Theophrastos ya rubuta Tarihin Dutse a kusan 300 BC, wanda ya rubuta yanayi da asalin kwal. Tsohon Roma ya fara amfani da gawayi don dumama kimanin shekaru 2000 da suka wuce.

Coal wani yanki ne mai kauri mai kauri na baƙar fata humus da rassan tsire-tsire da tushen tsirrai suka tara a ƙasa tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Saboda canjin ɓawon ƙasa, ana ci gaba da binne ta a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ta keɓe daga iska na dogon lokaci, kuma bayan wasu rikitattun sauye-sauye na zahiri da sinadarai a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafin jiki da matsa lamba, sai ta samar da wani dutse mai ɗanɗano baƙar fata mai ƙonewa, wanda ke iya ƙonewa. shine tsarin samar da gawayi.

Kaurin kwal ɗin kwal a cikin ma'adinan kwal yana da alaƙa da saurin raguwar ɓawon burodi da kuma tarin tsiro a wannan yanki. Ƙunƙarar ƙasa tana faɗuwa da sauri, kuma ragowar tsire-tsire suna da kauri, don haka kwal ɗin da ke cikin wannan ma'adinan gawayi yana da kauri. Akasin haka, ɓawon ƙasa yana faɗuwa a hankali, kuma ragowar tsire-tsire suna da ƙarfi, don haka kwal ɗin da ke cikin wannan ma'adinan gawayi yana da bakin ciki. Saboda motsin tectonic na ɓawon burodin ƙasa, ainihin madaidaicin kwal ɗin da ke kwance yana naɗewa da karye. Ana binne wasu kujerun kwal a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wasu kuma ana tura su sama, ko ma a fallasa su a ƙasa, wanda ke da sauƙi mutane su same su. Haka kuma akwai wasu katukan kwal da suke da sirara da kanana a wurin, don haka babu darajar hakar ma'adinai, kuma babu wani bayani da aka sabunta game da samuwar kwal.

Ana samun gawayi ta haka? Ko ya kamata a kara nazari da tattauna wasu bayyanuwa. Babban mahakar ma'adinan gawayi yana da kauri mai kauri da ingancin kwal, amma yankinsa bai yi girma ba gaba daya. Idan tarin ganye ne da tushen tsire-tsire na miliyoyin shekaru, yankinsa ya kamata ya zama babba. Domin dazuzzuka da ciyayi sun kasance a ko’ina a doron kasa a zamanin da, ya kamata a sami burbushin ajiyar gawayi a ko’ina a karkashin kasa; Kambun kwal ba lallai ba ne mai kauri sosai, saboda ganye da tushen tsiro suna ruɓe zuwa humus, wanda tsire-tsire za su sha. Idan aka maimaita ta, ba za a mai da hankali sosai ba lokacin da aka binne ta a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma iyakar da ke tsakanin ƙasan ƙasa da takin kwal ba za ta fito fili ba.

Duk da haka, babu musun gaskiya da tushe cewa gawayi yana samuwa da gaske ta hanyar juyin halitta na tarkacen shuka, wanda gaskiya ce mara tushe. Muddin ka lura da shingen kwal a hankali, za ka iya ganin alamun ganye da tushen tsiro; Idan ka yanki gawayi kuma ka lura da shi a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, za ka iya samun tsiran alade da sifofi, kuma wani lokacin ana adana abubuwa kamar kututtuka a cikin kwal ɗin kwal, kuma har yanzu ana naɗe da wasu kwal ɗin da cikakkun burbushin kwari.

A karkashin yanayin zafi na al'ada da matsa lamba na saman, tsire-tsire da aka tara a cikin ruwa maras kyau ana canza su zuwa peat ko sapropelic ta peat ko sapropelic; Bayan an binne shi, peat ko sapropelic laka yana nutsewa zuwa zurfin ƙasa saboda raguwar ginshiƙan ginshiƙi kuma an canza shi zuwa lignite ta hanyar digenesis; Lokacin da zafin jiki da matsa lamba a hankali suna ƙaruwa, ana rikiɗa zuwa gawayi bituminous zuwa anthracite ta metamorphism. Peatization yana nufin tsarin da ragowar tsire-tsire masu girma ke taruwa a cikin fadama kuma ana canza su zuwa peat ta hanyar canje-canjen biochemical. Sapropargization yana nufin tsarin cewa ragowar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza su zuwa laka na sapropelic ta hanyar canje-canjen biochemical a cikin fadama. Sapropargite wani nau'i ne na laka mai wadataccen ruwa da asphaltene. Tsarin glacier na iya ba da gudummawa ga tarawa da adana ragowar tsire-tsire masu samar da gawayi [2].

Shekarun samuwar kwal

A cikin dukkan shekarun ilimin geological, akwai manyan lokuttan samar da kwal guda uku a duniya:

A cikin Paleozoic Carboniferous da Permian, tsire-tsire masu yin kwal sun kasance tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Babban nau'ikan gawayi sune bituminous coal da anthracite.

A cikin Jurassic da Cretaceous na Mesozoic, tsire-tsire masu yin kwal sun kasance galibi gymnosperms. Babban nau'ikan gawayi sune lignite da kwal bituminous.

A cikin jami'a na Cenozoic, tsire-tsire masu yin kwal sun kasance galibi angiosperms. Babban gawayi shine lignite, sannan kuma peat da wasu matashi bituminous gawayi.

Coal ita ce albarkatun makamashin burbushin da aka fi rarrabawa a duniya, wanda akasari ya kasu kashi hudu: gawayi bituminous da anthracite, coal sub-bituminous da lignite. Kashi 60% na ma'adanar kwal da ake iya dawo dasu a duniya an tattara su ne a Amurka (25%), Jamhuriyar Soviet (23%) da China (12%). Bugu da kari, Ostiraliya, Indiya, Jamus da Afirka ta Kudu ne ke da kashi 29% na yawan kwal da ake hakowa a duniya, kuma adadin kwal da aka tabbatar ya ninka fiye da ninki 63 na man fetur. Kasashen da ke da arzikin kwal a duniya su ma kwal ne.