Nceda
Phakathi kwe-flywheel ye-injini yedizili yelori kunye nokusasazeka kwerabha egugileyo kwindlela, kukho umgca omde wamacandelo okudluliselwa, ukuhanjiswa, ukusasazwa, kunye nokuphindaphinda i-torque enika ilori ubomi bayo.
Umbindi wale nkqubo ugqithiso. Xa kujongwa uluhlu olunyiniweyo lokuhlaziywa kwedizili enkulu, kunye noluhlu olubanzi oluchaseneyo lwezantya ezifunwa luninzi lwezicelo, owona msebenzi uphambili wothumelo kukugcina i-injini isebenza kwincopho yokufaneleka ixesha elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Kodwa itekhnoloji exhasa uthumelo iyahluka ngokubanzi, itekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zibhenela kumacandelo ahlukeneyo entengiso.
Njengangaphambili, isiko kunye namava adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni abathengi kwaye ngoku, kunanini na ngaphambili, ukuqwalaselwa komqhubi kunempembelelo enkulu kwinkcazo ekhethiweyo. Umzekelo, umqhubi onengxaki yokufumana abaqhubi abanamava nabanobuchule ekuphatheni i-Eaton Roadranger eyi-18-speed constant-mesh gearbox ekwaziyo ukumelana neembumbulu uya kukhetha into engadingi kunyovwa kweclutch.
Isigqibo esilandelayo siya kuba kukukhetha phakathi kwe-automated manual, esenayo i-clutch kunye nepleyiti yoxinzelelo kwaye ngoko ke imiphezulu ye-friction enxibekayo, okanye ukuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo okuzenzekelayo okusebenzisa i-coupling fluid okanye i-torque converter.
Nalu ujongo olukhawulezileyo kwiintlobo zothumelo ezikhoyo ngoku…
>> ISIKHOKELO SENCHROMESH
Uninzi lwabavelisi bazakhela olwabo uthumelo kolu didi. Itekhnoloji iqinisekisiwe, ithunyelwa ngaphandle ngokulula kuyo yomibini imida yoshishino kunye neyejografi, kwaye ifuna isixa esincinci soqeqesho lwabaqhubi ngeyona mali incinci. Akulula, nangona kunjalo, ukulungisa okanye ukulungisa iireyishini ukuze zihambelane nomsebenzi. Umvelisi ukholisa ukulungisa oko ngothotho lweengqikelelo malunga nendlela imodeli ethile yelori eza kusetyenziswa ngayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-synchrom ukwenza i-gearbox mesh iigiya kunciphisa umthamo wetorque yezi bhokisi zegiya, ngoko ke uluhlu lobunzima bebhokisi ye-synchro 'aluhambi ngaphaya komsebenzi ophakathi.
>> INCWADANA YOKUQHUBA-UMNASHI
Kuzo zonke ii-transmissions, le yeyona nto inzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda. Yenziwe nge-torque ephezulu, iimeko ezigqithisileyo engqondweni, kwaye iseyeyona nto iphambili e-Australia kuloliwe wendlela kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo zomgama omde. I-Eaton ngumboneleli okhethwayo kolu didi, kunye nesantya se-18 esandisiweyo sesixhobo sesixhobo sokuqhuba esinamaqhosha athe ngqo/angaphezulu kunye nawokutshintsha uluhlu luphawulwe kwingqondo yamawakawaka abaqhubi belori kwilizwe lonke. Umsebenzisi olungileyo unokugcina i-torque phezulu kunye nayo nayiphi na i-automated manual, kodwa sisakhono esinokuthatha okuninzi (ngamanye amaxesha kuyabiza) ukuziqhelanisa.
>> INCWADI EZIZENZAKALELAYO (KUNYE OKANYE NGAPHANDLE KWECLUCH PEDAL)
I-Scania yayidla ngokunikezela ngemanuwali yayo ezenzekelayo ekusetweni kweepedali ezimbini okanye ezintathu. Andazi ukuba kutheni. Ukuba uza kufumana ikhompyuter yokulawula i-clutch, kutheni ungayivumeli ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni? Kodwa ndiye ndaxelelwa ukuba ezinye iinqwelomoya ziyathanda ukuba abaqhubi bazo basebenzise i-clutch ukuqalisa kwaye kubonakala ngathi ithandwa kakhulu kwiirigi zomsebenzi.
I-AMT ngokwayo ngoku iyinkqubo eqinisekisiweyo kodwa kukho umahluko obanzi kwisantya sotshintsho. Enye i-AMT yaseJapan apho umzi-mveliso unyanzelisa ukuzakhela icotha kakhulu phakathi kweegiya unokwenza ikofu ngeli xesha usalindileyo. Omnye wabaseSweden ulunge kakhulu koku kwaye utshintsho olukhawulezayo lugcina ukuphazamiseka kwetorque kuncinci.
I-Fuso ine-twist kumxholo-i-Duonic AMT yayo ineentambo ezimbini, ngoko ke 'ibhokisi ikhetha igiya elilandelayo njengoko usenza isantya. Kuhambo lwam lokuqala ndandibambeke kumgama weemitha ezili-100. Kubekho imiba ethile ethembekileyo eye yajongana nayo umzi-mveliso, kodwa ubukhulu becala yibhokisi yomthwalo weCanter. Awunakuyifumana kwimodeli ephakathi okanye enzima.
Ngokobuchwephesha, i-AMT luhlobo lwegadi yegiya ehlala inemesh ene-automated clutch system ebotshelelwe yaza yaplagiwa. Oku kuzisa ukuthembeka okusekiweyo kunye nokulula kwenkonzo, okoko une-plug-in yokuxilonga kulawulo lotshintsho. Kodwa ikwathetha ukuba ngeenguqulelo ezilungileyo (ezivela eYurophu nase-US, oko kukuthi), unokwenza ngokwezifiso ipateni yokutshintsha, uluhlu lwe-rev kunye nexesha kwigiya ukuze ihambelane nesicelo.
Njengomzekelo, kwi-drive yam yokuqala ye-Hino 700 kunye ne-ZF AMT, kwacaca ngokukhawuleza ukuba akukho mntu wayejonge ngokusondeleyo kwiimpawu ze-injini. Iwavuselele amandongomane ayo, ndiye ndatshintshela kwimowudi yesandla, ndafaka injini enkulu yeHino ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1050rpm ngaphambi kokuba nditshintshe, ndisebenzise amafutha amancinci kwaye ndonwabele ukuqhuba okuthe cwaka. Ukubuyela eMount Ousley, emantla eWollongong, andizange ndicothe kuneelori ezixhomekeke kwikhompyuter.
>> EZIZENZAKALELAYO EZIPHELELEYO
Uvavanyo lwelori endiluthandayo lwenziwa e-US kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo. Kuvavanyo oluvaliweyo, iilori ezimbini ezifanayo zibotshelelwe kwiitreyila ezinobunzima obufanayo. Enye yayine-Allison auto 'box, kunye ne-Eaton Roadranger 18-speed manual.
Ilori yemoto yayiqhutywa ngumfundi wasekholejini kunye nencwadana yemigaqo yomqhubi oqeqeshiweyo. Umdyarho wokutsalelana kwinduli engumnqantsa wabona umfundi ephumelela ngokuncomekayo. Kwandula ke, emva kogqatso, kwatyhilwa ukuba lo mfundi unamandla angaphantsi kwama-75!
Yayingumzekeliso ogqibeleleyo womahluko owenziwa yitorque engaqhawukiyo, kwaye ungayifumana kuphela ngothumelo oluzenzekelayo oluzenzekelayo. Ibhokisi ka-Allison isebenzisa isantya sendlela, itorque esetyenziswayo, isantya sokukhawulezisa kunye ne-engile yokuthambeka ukubala ubunzima obubonke besixhobo. Emva koko ilawula ukutshintshwa kwemephu ngokufanelekileyo.
'Ibhokisi ikwachaza ukutsalwa kakuhle kwiimeko ezingaphandle kwendlela. Okwangoku, ii-automatics ezigcweleyo azibonwa kwi-interstate okanye kuhola wendlela kwizicelo zikaloliwe. Kukho uphuhliso oluthile kwinkqubo, kodwa musa ukubamba umoya wakho.
Ii-Tippers, ii-concrete agitators kunye ne-pumpers, iilori zenkunkuma kunye neeyunithi zokuhanjiswa kwe-metro kulapho uya kufumana usetyenziso oluxhaphakileyo lwe-autos epheleleyo, kwezinye iimeko ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwabaqhubi kunye nethuba lokuphelisa ukutshintshwa kwe-clutch ebiza kakhulu kwaye rhoqo.
>> IHybrid IBHAYIBHILE EZIZENZAKALELAYO INCWADI ENYE ISIguquleli setorque
I-Mercedes-Benz inentambo eyodwa kwisaphetha sayo kwibala lothumelo. I-Actros SLT ilori ye-ultra-heavy-duty eneprofayili ye-Actros kunye ne-Actros yangaphakathi kodwa iseti entsha yempahla yangaphantsi. Ukuqhuba kwi-SLT uhamba nge-Powershift AMT kodwa emva kokudlula kwi-torque converter kuqala.
Izibonelelo zibaluleke kakhulu kwindima yokuthutha enzima kunayo nayiphi na enye, apho ukuma kobunzima obugqithileyo buqala uvavanyo neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqhuba. Kwii-AMTs eziqhelekileyo, xa ukhetha ukuqhuba igiya yokuqalisa ibandakanya kwaye nangaphandle kwe-throttle uya kuchwechwela phambili njengoko inkqubo ibandakanya i-clutch. Kodwa cofa iqhosha le-D kwi-SLT kwaye awusayi ndawo. Ibandakanya igiya kodwa isiguquli setorque asiguquli nayiphi na itorque.
Kuphela xa ucinezela i-throttle ukuba i-torque converter process inamandla kwi-transmission. Ke i-clutch ibambene ngokupheleleyo kwaye ukudibanisa ulwelo luphatha lonke isiliphu. Sisisombululo esinzima kuba unakho ukuhanjiswa kabini emgceni, kodwa umsebenzi onzima wetare ayiyonto iphambili. Ii-SLTs zisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela kwiinqwelo ezinkulu zokuthutha awona maqela makhulu ezothutho.
ABAYENZI ENGCACILEYO
Ngaphandle kweefektri eziyila kwaye zakha ezazo zothumelo, kukho abakhi beebhokisi zegiya abaziingcali ababonelela ngeemveliso zabo kumzi-mveliso nasemva kokuthengisa okokuqala.
>> EATON
I-hard-as-nails i-Roadranger manual transmission idume njengogqithiso olukhethiweyo kwiinqwelo ezininzi. Kodwa i-Eaton ayikwazanga ukungayihoyi indlela yoshishino ngokubanzi ekunciphiseni umqhubi ukuba asebenzise i-clutch, kwaye ke i-Ultrashift kunye ne-UltraShift Plus yaziswa. Ngokusisiseko yi-Roadranger ene-hydraulic clutch elawulwa nge-elektroniki, ngoko ke iindleko zophuhliso ziye zaba zii-smarts. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuhamba, ii-hotshots ziyakuhamba ukusuka kwi-crawl ukuya kuhola wendlela yokuhamba ngaphandle kokuchukumisa i-clutch.
>> ZF
Le nkampani yaseJamani yenza uninzi lweendidi kunye nohlengahlengiso lweebhokisi zegiya kunye ne-axles, kwaye ithandwa kakhulu ngabakhi baseYurophu. Ngoku ithengisa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokuzenzekelayo ukukhuphisana no-Allison kwaye yonwabela inkxaso exhaphakileyo evela kumkhosi we-NATO ekuboneleleni kwabo kunye neemfuno zothutho lomkhosi olula.
Uyilo lwemodyuli yeTraXon nguvulindlela. Ngokwesiseko iseti yeegiya ezinokuba ne-clutch, i-clutch ephindwe kabini, i-hybrid okanye imodyuli yokuguqula itorque ngaphambili. Isicelo siya kugqiba ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo efanelekileyo kakhulu kodwa ngondoqo oqhelekileyo, iindleko ziyathotywa.
>> AISIN
Iphethwe liqela leToyota, inkampani yakha uthumelo lwemanyuwali kunye nolwemoto kwiqela kunye neenkampani ezingezizo iqela, kwaye ibonelela ngeenkampani zeemoto zaseYurophu nazo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, usenako ukuthenga ilori ye-Hino enothumelo lwe-Allison, ngoko ke i-Aisin ayikaquki konke ukusetyenziswa okunokubakho kuluhlu lwelori yomakhi.
>> ALLISON
Yayingumkhosi owaqalisa uphuhliso lothumelo lwe-Allison, nangona inkampani iye yayila kwaye yakha iinjini ze-aero. Ngapha koko, intshayelelo yam yokuqala ka-Allison yayifuna ii-earplugs. Isikhalo se-Allison turboprops ezine ezikhalayo zijikeleze indawo yomthwalo ye-RAAF C130 Hercules sisandi esigxininiswe ngokusisigxina kwinkumbulo yam yoMkhosi woMkhosi wokuThunyelwa koMoya.
I-Boral inesizathu samagama amabini sokuphawula ibhokisi ye-Allison yokukhetha xa uodola iilori ezintsha zekonkile okanye zegrabile - 'zero downtime'. Inkampani ibonelela ngeemoto ezinomthwalo onzima kwiinkampani zezixhobo zokwakha kunye nomkhosi wase-US, ikwabonelela ngeeyunithi zokuqhuba kwezinye izicelo zaselwandle.
Umphathi wentengiso ka-Allison wase-Australia nguRobert Cavagnino, umphathi weqela le-Fuel Dragster ngexesha lakhe 'lokuphumla'. Phakathi kwe-ear-splitting crackle yeenjini ze-nitro ekudibaneni kwe-WA yokugqibela, wandixelela ngokunyuka kwe-auto take-up phakathi kwabavelisi, eqhutywa kakhulu yimfuno yabathengi.
Inqaku eliphambili kukuba imeko ngoku iphuhliswe ukusuka kwenye yemfuneko ngenxa yothintelo lomqhubi, ukuya komnye wobuchule ngenxa yendlela 'ibhokisi ye-auto' ekhulisa ngayo iimpawu zokusebenza kwe-injini.
"Kungoko kukho ingxaki ekhulayo kwii-AMTs," utshilo.
"Iinjini zaseYurophu ngokukodwa ziphantsi, i-torque ephezulu yeesilinda ezintandathu ezifuna ngokwenene i-torque converter ukuvelisa ukusebenza kakuhle."
PHANTSI ENDLELA
Kukho izinto eziselundini eziya kwandisa ukuhlukahluka kobuchwephesha bothumelo kwiilori kwiindlela zaseAussie. Bobabini u-Allison kunye ne-ZF bajolise kubaqhubi abade kunye neempawu eziza kubhenela ezi zicelo.
I-Allison's TC10 ye-TC10 ye-twin-countershaft ye-10-speed-speed automatic transmission ibhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo kumjikelo womsebenzi wesixeko kunye nohola wendlela kwaye ibonelela ngolwakhiwo oludityanisiweyo olunokutshintsha kwamandla apheleleyo, isiguquli setorque kunye noyilo lwebhokisi yegiya yamawele.
Inkampani isebenzise iqela labasebenzisi bovavanyo abazuze umndilili wesihlanu weepesenti zokuphucula uqoqosho lwamafutha nge-TC10 xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli yabo yangoku kunye neemodeli ezizenzekelayo.
I-gearbox ikwi-600hp kunye ne-2305Nm ye-torque kunye ne-10 yesantya ukuya phambili kunye ne-reverse ezimbini. Iza ixhotyiswe ngesizukulwana esitsha se-Allison solawulo lwe-elektroniki, esibonelela ngentelekelelo yokuphelisa utshintsho olungeyomfuneko lwe-oyile kunye nesihluzi, kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo komkhethi weshifti.
Ukutyhala kwinguqulelo kuthathela uphuhliso lothumelo kwiinkalo ezintsha. Umzekelo, i-ZF iphuhlise i-Innovation Truck package ene-120kW motor motor eyakhelwe ngqo kwi-12-speed-speed transmission's bell housing.
Ayisebenzi nje njenge-retarder efumana amandla, kodwa ineqhinga lodidi oluphezulu xa idityaniswe nee-servos zokuqhuba, inkqubo yesoftware entsonkothileyo kakhulu kunye nethebhulethi yekhompyuter. Ngamafutshane, umqhubi ufika kwindawo yokugcina izinto aze atsale kufutshane nendawo yokulayishwa, atsibele ukuphuma elorini, anike abasebenzi ithebhulethi itafile aze agoduke angene endlwini ukuze ayozela.
Abantu basedepo baye basebenzisa itablet ukujikisa ilori kwibhayi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa injini. I-motor yombane ilawula ukuhamba ngelixa injini ye-diesel nayo ithatha i-nap, kwaye isofthiwe ilawula i-steering.
Inkqubo iboniswa kwi-DAF XF itsala isiqingatha kunye nenqwelwana yehagu ngasemva (jonga umfanekiso okhokelayo). Ukudityaniswa kabini kubonakala kungenangxaki kumsebenzisi, olawula ilori ngomnwe omnye erhuqa umzobo wetrailer kwithebhulethi ukuya kwindawo efunekayo. Ndiyakwazi ukucinga ngabaqhubi abambalwa be-B abadinga inkqubo enjalo ...
UMBUZO OMKHULU: EZENZAKALELAYO OKANYE INCWADI?
Owona mbuzo mkhulu unokuphendulwa kuphela ngovavanyo olusondeleyo lwesicelo kunye nokusetyenziswa komqhubi. Incwadana, nokuba i-clutch iqhutywa ngumqhubi okanye ikhompyutha, inezithintelo ezikhuliswa yindlela engenakunqandwa kuyilo lwenjini kunye neempawu.
Ngokwemiqathango ye-layman, kubonakala ngathi amaza e-torque, afana ne-pulses xa unciphisa inani leesilinda kwaye unciphisa ii-revs, unokuseta ii-surges ngaphakathi kwee-transmissions ezikhuliswe ecaleni kwe-driveline xa idibaniswe ngokudibanisa kanzima, njenge-clutch. Ingakhokelela ekubeni iECM itolike ezo pulses njengegalelo lomqhubi ukusuka kwi-throttle, ebangela ukuba injini izingele, nakwimowudi yokuhamba ngenqanawa.
Omnye umenzi ophezulu, mhlawumbi ngeyona AMT igqwesileyo kwimarike ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni, ujonge nzulu kwii-automatics ezigcweleyo ngoku ngenxa yokulayishwa kwetorque enkulu ehamba ngee-AMTs zayo.
Omnye umzekelo obalaseleyo yi-Swede enkulu, ene-3500Nm V8 headliner ine-torque ekhawulelwe yi-200Nm ukusuka kwigiya yokuqala ukuya kweyesithoba. Ukuphuhlisa ibhokisi ye-AMT yokuphatha olu hlobo lwetorque kwiigiya ezisezantsi kuya kuba ngumzamo omkhulu wobunjineli. Ke nangona uhlawula imali eyongezelelweyo kumfanekiso omkhulu wetorque, uyifumene ukusuka kwigiya ye-10 ukuya phambili. Oko kuthetha ukuba umqhubi wesithuthi esinzima akawufumani owona mlinganiselo uphezulu xa ewufuna kakhulu – ngelixa eqhuba i-Manly Ferry engaqhelekanga ejikeleza indawo yoshishino, umzekelo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuphindaphinda kwetorque kwenziwa ngegiya eseti kwii-AMTs kodwa ngokudityaniswa kolwelo kwi-auto, ukunciphisa ukunxiba kukaloliwe wegiya kakhulu.
I-Electronics kwi-AMT inokwenza okuninzi kuphela, njengoko xa igiya ibandakanyeka kukudibanisa nzima. Ke inqaku lotshintsho ekugxilwe kulo kweECM. Kodwa i-auto inokulawula ukudlula kwetorque ngelixa igiya isebenza, inyusa itorque xa ifuneka-ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokutshintsha igiya-kunye nokugcina itorque ingaguquki, nangexesha lokutshintsha kwegiya.
Umsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe usenokuba sisiseko sokugqibela sosasazo lwemanyuwali okanye lwe-AMT. Ngotshintsho oluncinci oluphantsi, ukudibanisa kanzima akulahleki nto ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwi-auto. Ukongiwa kumafutha asuka kwitorque engaguqukiyo ekunyuseni isantya kuncinci xa ilori ekugqibeleni ibetha uhola wendlela kwaye ihamba ngenqanawa malunga neepesenti ezingama-30 zetorque ekhoyo esetyenziswa usuku okanye ezimbini.
Njengesiqhelo, yenza iimali zakho, kwaye uthenge ngexabiso lobomi bonke. Isenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwengeniso ephilileyo, okanye ilahleko eqhwalelayo.