Zulu
Phakathi kwe-flywheel yenjini kadizili yeloli kanye nokusakazeka kwenjoloba egugile endaweni yomgwaqo, kunomugqa omude wezingxenye zokudlulisa, ukuqondisa kabusha, ukusabalalisa, nokuphindaphinda i-torque enikeza iloli ukuphila kwalo.
Okubalulekile kule nqubo ukudluliswa. Uma kubhekwa uhla lwe-rev olulinganiselwe lwedizili enkulu, kanye nohlu olubanzi oluhlukile lwezivinini ezidingwa izinhlelo eziningi, umsebenzi oyinhloko wokudluliswa kwemishini ukugcina injini isebenza ngendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kepha ubuchwepheshe obusekela ukuhanjiswa buhluka kakhulu, ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile bukhanga izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zemakethe.
Njengakuqala, isiko nolwazi ludlala indima ebalulekile ekukhetheni kwamakhasimende futhi manje, kunanini ngaphambili, ukucatshangelwa komshayeli kunomthelela omkhulu ekucacisweni okukhethiwe. Isibonelo, u-opharetha onenkinga yokuthola abashayeli abanolwazi futhi abanekhono ekuphatheni i-Eaton Roadranger 18-speed constant-mesh gearbox ye-Eaton Roadranger 18-speed constant-mesh gearbox angakhetha okuthile okungadingi i-clutch pedal.
Isinqumo esilandelayo sizoba ukukhetha phakathi kwebhukwana elizenzakalelayo, esene-clutch ne-pressure plate ngakho-ke izindawo ezigqokekayo zokungqubuzana, noma ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele esebenzisa i-coupling yoketshezi noma i-torque converter.
Nakhu ukubheka ngokushesha izinhlobo zokudlulisela ezitholakalayo njengamanje…
>> SYNCHROMESH IMANUAL
Abakhiqizi abaningi bazakhela awabo ama-transmission kulesi sigaba. Ubuchwepheshe buyafakazelwa, buthekeliswa kalula kuyo yonke imingcele yezinkampani kanye nendawo, futhi budinga inani elincane lokuqeqeshwa komshayeli ngemali encane. Akulula, nokho, ukulungisa noma ukulungisa izilinganiso ukuze zivumelane nomsebenzi. Umkhiqizi uvame ukulungisa lokho ngochungechunge lokuqagela mayelana nokuthi imodeli ethile yeloli izosetshenziswa kanjani. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-synchrosh ukwenza i-gearbox mesh amagiya kunciphisa umthamo we-torque walawa ma-gearbox, ngakho ububanzi besisindo sebhokisi le-synchro ngokuvamile alidluli emsebenzini omaphakathi.
>> IMINININGWANE YE-CONSTANT-MESH
Kuwo wonke ama-transmissions, lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukukwazi kahle. Yakhelwe nge-torque ephezulu, izimo ezeqisayo emqondweni, futhi iseyisisekelo e-Australia sesitimela somgwaqo nezinye inhlanganisela yezinhlelo zokusebenza zebanga elide. I-Eaton ingumhlinzeki oyikhethayo kulesi sigaba, futhi isileva segiya se-H-pattern esinwetshiwe samagiya angu-18 esinezinkinobho eziqondile/ezingaphezu kwamandla kanye nezinkinobho zokushintsha ububanzi siphawulwe ekwazini kwezinkulungwane zabashayeli bamaloli ezweni lonke. Umsebenzisi omuhle angakwazi ukugcina i-torque iphezulu kanye nanoma iyiphi imanuwali ezenzakalelayo, kodwa yikhono elingathatha umkhuba omningi (ngesinye isikhathi obizayo).
>> IMANUWALI EZIZENZAKALELAYO (NGENYE NOMA NGAPHANDLE KWE-CLUCH PEDAL)
I-Scania yayivame ukunikeza imanuwali yayo ezenzakalelayo ekusetheni okunamaphedali amabili noma amathathu. Angazi ukuthi kungani. Uma uzothola ikhompuyutha yokuphatha i-clutch, kungani ungayivumeli yenze umsebenzi wayo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni? Kodwa ngatshelwa ukuthi ezinye izindiza ziyathanda ukuthi abashayeli bazo basebenzise i-clutch uma beyiqala futhi kubonakala sengathi idume kakhulu kuma-vocational rigs.
I-AMT ngokwayo manje isiwuhlelo olufakazelwe kodwa kunomehluko omkhulu ngejubane loshintsho. Enye i-AMT yaseJapane ifekthri ephikelela ekuzakheleni ihamba kancane phakathi kwamagiya cishe ungenza ikhofi ngenkathi usalindile. Omunye wabaseSweden muhle kakhulu kulokhu futhi izinguquko ezisheshayo zigcina ukuphazamiseka kwetorque kube kuncane.
I-Fuso ine-twist endikimbeni - i-Duonic AMT yayo inama-clutch akabili, ngakho 'ibhokisi likhetha kuqala igiya elilandelayo njengoba ukhula ngesivinini. Ekushayeleni kwami kokuqala ngangibanjwe ibanga elingamamitha ayi-100. Kube nezinkinga ezithile zokwethembeka ifekthri ebhekane nazo, kodwa ikakhulukazi ibhokisi elisebenza kalula le-Canter. Awukwazi ukuyithola kumamodeli aphakathi nendawo noma esindayo okwamanje.
Ngokobuchwepheshe, i-AMT iwuhlobo lwebhokisi likagiya lengadi elihlala linemeshi elinesistimu ye-clutch ezenzakalelayo eboshiwe futhi yaxhunywa. Kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi ngezinguqulo ezihamba phambili (ezivela e-Europe nase-US, okungukuthi), ungenza ngendlela oyifisayo iphethini ye-shift, uhla lwe-rev nesikhathi egiyeni ukuze ivumelane nohlelo lokusebenza.
Njengesibonelo, ekushayeleni kwami kokuqala i-Hino 700 nge-ZF AMT, kwacaca ngokushesha ukuthi akekho owayebhekisise izici zenjini. Ivuselele amantongomane ayo, ngakho ngashintshela kumodi yezandla, ngafaka injini enkulu ye-Hino phansi yaba ngu-1050rpm ngaphambi kokushintsha, ngasebenzisa uphethiloli omncane futhi ngajabulela ukushayela okuthule. Lapho ngikhuphuka i-Mount Ousley, enyakatho nje ye-Wollongong, angibanga nensayo kunamaloli athembele kukhompyutha.
>> NGOKUZENZAKALELAYO OKUGCWELE
Ukuhlolwa kweloli engikuthandayo kwenziwa e-US eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kuthrekhi yokuhlola evaliwe, amaloli amabili afanayo aboshelwa ama-trailer anesisindo esifanayo. Enye yayinebhokisi le-Allison auto ', kanti enye ine-Eaton Roadranger 18-speed manual.
Iloli lezimoto belishayelwa umfundi wasekolishi kanye nebhukwana lomshayeli oqeqeshiwe. Umjaho wokudonsa umqansa ubonakale umfundi ewina kahle. Khona-ke, ngemva komjaho, kwembulwa ukuthi lo mfundi unamandla amahhashi angaphansi kwangu-75!
Bekuwumfanekiso ophelele womehluko owenziwa yitorque enganqamuki, futhi lokho ungakuthola kuphela ngokushintshashintsha okuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele. Ibhokisi lika-Allison lisebenzisa isivinini somgwaqo, itorque esetshenziswayo, izinga lokusheshisa kanye ne-engeli yokuthamba ukubala isisindo esiphelele se-rig. Bese iphatha imephu ye-shift ngokufanele.
'Ibhokisi liphinda lisho ukuthintana kahle ezimeni ezingekho emgwaqeni. Okwamanje, okuzenzakalelayo okugcwele akubonakali ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesitimela somgwaqo ophakathi nendawo noma emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, kodwa ungawubambi umoya wakho.
Ama-tippers, ama-agitator kakhonkolo namaphampu, amaloli kadoti kanye nezindawo zokulethwa kwe-metro yilapho uzothola khona ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kakhulu kwezimoto ezigcwele, kwezinye izimo ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokushintshwa kwabashayeli kanye nethuba lokuqeda ukushintshwa kwe-clutch eqolo nokujwayelekile.
>> IHybrid IBHAYIBHELI EZIZITHELAYO ENE-TOQUE CONVERTER
I-Mercedes-Benz inentambo eyingqayizivele kumnsalo wayo enkundleni yokudlulisela. I-Actros SLT iloli elisindayo kakhulu elinephrofayili ye-Actros kanye nengaphakathi le-Actros kodwa isethi entsha yezingubo zangaphansi. Shayela ku-SLT uhamba nge-Powershift AMT kodwa ngemva kokudlula ku-converter ye-torque kuqala.
Izinzuzo zibaluleke kakhulu endimeni yokuthutha esindayo kunanoma iyiphi enye, lapho ukuma kwesisindo eseqile kuqala ukuhlola ngisho nomugqa wokushayela ongcono kakhulu. Kuma-AMTs avamile, uma ukhetha ukushayela igiya lokuqala liyangena futhi ngisho nangaphandle kwe-throttle uzonyonyobela phambili njengoba isistimu ibamba i-clutch. Kodwa cindezela inkinobho ethi D ku-SLT futhi awusayi ndawo. Isebenzisa igiya kodwa isiguquli se-torque asiguquli noma iyiphi i-torque.
Kuphela uma ucindezela i-throttle lapho isiguquli se-torque sisebenza ngamandla ekudluliseni. Ngakho-ke i-clutch ibambeke ngokugcwele futhi i-fluid coupling iphatha konke ukushelela. Kuyisixazululo esinzima ngoba unokudluliswa okubili emgqeni, kodwa umsebenzi osindayo isisindo se-tare akuyona indlela eyinhloko. Ama-SLT asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke emikhunjini ethwala kanzima yamaqembu amakhulu ezokuthutha.
ABAKHIQIZI ABANGOTI
Ngaphandle kwamafemu aklama futhi azakhele awawo amandla, kukhona abakhi bama-gearbox abangochwepheshe abahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yabo efemini nangemva kokudayiswa kokuqala.
>> I-EATON
I-hard-as-nail transmission i-Roadranger idume njengokudluliswa kwezimoto ezikhethwayo eziningi namanje. Kodwa i-Eaton ayikwazanga ukuziba ukuthambekela okubanzi kwembonini mayelana nokukhulula umshayeli ukuthi asebenzise i-clutch, ngakho-ke kwethulwa i-Ultrashift ne-UltraShift Plus. Ngokuyisisekelo iyi-Roadranger ene-hydraulic clutch ephathwa nge-elekthronikhi, ngakho-ke izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kube yizo ezihlakaniphile. Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kokusuka, ama-hotshots azosuka ekugaqeni aye kuthelawayeka ohambweni ngaphandle kokuthinta i-clutch.
>> ZF
Le nkampani yaseJalimane yenza izinhlobo eziningi nokucushwa kwama-gearbox nama-ekseli, futhi idume kakhulu ngabakhi baseYurophu. Manje isithengisa okuzenzakalelayo okugcwele ukuze iqhudelane no-Allison futhi ijabulela nokwesekwa okusabalele okuvela emabuthweni ezempi e-NATO ekuhlinzekeni kwawo kanye nezidingo zokuthutha amasosha alula.
Idizayini yayo ye-TraXon modular iyiphayona. Empeleni isethi yamagiya ane-clutch, i-dual clutch, hybrid noma amamojula okuguqula i-torque ngaphambili. Isicelo sizonquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo olufaneleka kangcono kodwa ngomongo ojwayelekile, izindleko ziyancishiswa.
>> AYIN
Iphethwe yiqembu lakwaToyota, le nkampani yakha ama-manual kanye nama-auto transmissions ezinkampanini zamaqembu nezingezona zeqembu, futhi ihlinzeka nezinkampani zezimoto zase-Europe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi usengakwazi ukuthenga iloli le-Hino elinomshini we-Allison, ngakho-ke i-Aisin ayikabandakanyi konke ukusetshenziswa okungaba khona kwebanga lamaloli omakhi.
>> ALLISON
Kwakuyibutho lezempi elaqala ukuthuthukiswa kokudluliselwa kwe-Allison, nakuba inkampani iklame futhi yakha nezinjini ze-aero. Eqinisweni, isingeniso sami sokuqala ku-Allison sasidinga ama-earplugs. Ukukhala kwama-Allison turboprop amane ekhala ezungeza indawo yokubeka impahla ye-RAAF C130 Hercules kuwumsindo ogxishwe unomphela kumemori yami ye-Army Air Dispatch.
I-Boral inesizathu samagama amabili sokumaka ibhokisi lenketho ye-Allison lapho u-oda amaloli amasha kakhonkolo noma amatshe - 'isikhathi sokuphumula esingekho'. Le nkampani ihlinzeka ngezimoto ezisindayo ezinkampanini zemishini yokwakha kanye namasosha ase-US, futhi ihlinzeka ngamayunithi okushayela kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle.
Umphathi wezokuthengisa ka-Allison wase-Australia uRobert Cavagnino, umphathi weqembu le-Top Fuel dragster ngesikhathi sakhe 'sokuphumula'. Phakathi kokuqhekeka kwezindlebe kwezinjini ze-nitro ekuhlanganeni kokugcina kwe-WA, wangitshela mayelana nokwanda kokuthathwa kwezimoto phakathi kwabakhiqizi, okuqhutshwa kakhulu isidingo samakhasimende.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi lesi simo manje sesithuthukile sisuka kwesinye sesidingo ngenxa yokulinganiselwa komshayeli, saya kwesesokusebenza kahle ngenxa yendlela 'ibhokisi le-auto elikhulisa ngayo izici zokusebenza kwenjini.
“Yingakho kunenkinga ekhulayo ngama-AMTs,” usho kanje.
"Izinjini zaseYurophu ikakhulukazi zingamasilinda ayisithupha anetorque esezingeni eliphansi adinga ngempela isiguquli setorque ukukhiqiza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu."
PHANSI KOMGWAQO
Kunezinto ezisematheni ezizokwandisa ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe bokuthutha emalolini emigwaqweni yase-Aussie. Kokubili u-Allison kanye ne-ZF bahlose opharetha bebanga elide abanezici ezizoheha lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-Allison's TC10 twin-countershaft 10-speed automatic transmission ivumelana nezimo ngokwanele kuyo yomibili imijikelezo yedolobha nomgwaqo onguthelawayeka futhi ihlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ezinokushintsha kwamandla aphelele, isiguquli se-torque kanye nomklamo webhokisi lama-twin countershaft.
Le nkampani isebenzise inqwaba yabasebenzisi abahlolayo abazuze isilinganiso esingamaphesenti amahlanu sokuthuthukisa ukonga kukaphethiloli nge-TC10 uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli abo amanje ashintshwayo nezishintshayo.
U-gearbox unamandla afinyelela ku-600hp kanye ne-torque engu-2305Nm enesivinini esingu-10 ukuya phambili namabili ahlehlayo. Iza ifakwe isizukulwane esisha sika-Allison sezilawuli ze-elekthronikhi, ezihlinzeka ngezibalo zokuqeda izinguquko ezingadingekile zikawoyela nesihlungi, kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwesikhethi seshifti.
Umgomo wokuqamba izinto ezintsha uthatha ukuthuthukiswa kokudlulisela emikhakheni emisha. Isibonelo, i-ZF isungule iphakethe le-Innovation Truck elinenjini kagesi engu-120kW eyakhelwe ngqo endaweni eyi-12-speed transmission's bell housing.
Ayisebenzi nje kuphela njenge-retarder ebuyisa amandla, kodwa inobuqili obusezingeni eliphezulu uma ihlanganiswa nama-servos okuqondisa, uhlelo lwesofthiwe oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nethebhulethi yekhompyutha. Ngamafuphi, umshayeli ufika edepho futhi asondele eduze nendawo yokulayisha, aphume elolini, anikeze i-tablet kubasebenzi base-loading bay futhi aqonde endlini ukuze athize.
Abantu basedepho babe sebesebenzisa i-tablet ukuhlehlisa iloli echwebeni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa injini. Injini kagesi ibamba ukuqondisa kuyilapho injini yedizili nayo ithatha isihlwathi, futhi isofthiwe ilawula isiteringi.
Uhlelo lukhonjiswa ku-DAF XF idonsa ingxenye enenqola yengulube ngemuva (bona isithombe esiphambili). Ukuchazwa okukabili kubonakala kungeyona inkinga ku-opharetha, oqondisa iloli ngomunwe owodwa ehudula umfanekiso we-trailer kuthebhulethi ukuyisa endaweni edingekayo. Ngingacabanga ngabashayeli abambalwa be-B-double abadinga uhlelo olunjalo...
UMBUZO OMKHULU: OKUZENZAKALELAYO NOMA IMANCWADI?
Umbuzo omkhulu ungaphendulwa kuphela ngokuhlolisisa uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa komshayeli. Imanuwali, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-clutch isetshenziswa umshayeli noma ikhompuyutha, inemikhawulo ekhuliswa ukuthambekela okungenakuvinjelwa ekwakhiweni kwenjini nezici.
Ngokwemigomo ye-layman, kubonakala sengathi amagagasi e-torque, afana kakhulu nama-pulses uma wehlisa isibalo samasilinda futhi unciphisa ama-revs, angakwazi ukusetha ama-surges ngaphakathi kwama-transmissions akhuliswa eduze kwe-driveline uma ixhunywe ngokuxhuma okuqinile, njenge-clutch. Kungabangela ukuthi i-ECM ihumushe lawo ma-pulses njengokufaka komshayeli ku-throttle, okubangele injini izingele, ngisho nakumodi yohambo lwesikebhe.
Umkhiqizi oyedwa ophezulu, okungenzeka ukuthi une-AMT engcono kakhulu emakethe mayelana nokusebenziseka, ubheka ngokungathi sína kokuzenzakalelayo okugcwele okwamanje ngenxa yokulayishwa kwetorque okukhulu okudlula kuma-AMT ayo.
Esinye isibonelo ngeyaseSweden enkulu, ene-torque engu-3500Nm V8 enetorque engu-200Nm ukusuka egiyeni lokuqala kuye kwelesishiyagalolunye. Ukuthuthukisa ibhokisi le-AMT lokuphatha lolo hlobo lwetorque kumagiya aphansi kungaba umzamo omkhulu wobunjiniyela. Ngakho-ke nakuba ukhokha imali eyengeziwe ngetorque enkulu, uyithole kuphela ukusuka egiyeni le-10 ukuya phambili. Lokho kusho ukuthi umqhubi wesitimela esindayo akasitholi isilinganiso esiphezulu lapho esidinga kakhulu - ngenkathi eqondisa i-Manly Ferry engavamile endaweni yezimboni, isibonelo.
Ekugcineni, ukuphindaphinda kwe-torque kwenziwa ngegiya elisethwe kuma-AMTs kodwa ngokuhlangana koketshezi ku-auto, kunciphisa ukuguga kwesitimela segiya kakhulu.
Ama-elekthronikhi ku-AMT angenza okuningi kuphela, njengoba uma igiya libanjiwe kuba ukuhlangana okunzima. Ngakho-ke yiphuzu loshintsho okugxilwe kulo i-ECM. Kodwa i-auto ingakwazi ukulawula ukudlula kwetorque ngenkathi igiya lisebenza, inyuse itorque lapho idingeka - ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokushintsha igiya - kanye nokugcina itorque ingashintshi, ngisho nalapho kushintsha igiya.
Umsebenzi ophakathi kwamazwe kungenzeka ube isisekelo sokugcina sokudluliswa kwezandla noma kwe-AMT. Ngemvamisa ephansi kakhulu yezinguquko, ukuhlanganisa okuqinile akulahlekelwa lutho ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-auto. Ukonga kuphethiloli ovela ku-torque engaguquki ekusheshiseni kuncane lapho iloli ligcina lishayisa umgwaqo omkhulu futhi lihamba ngomkhumbi cishe ngamaphesenti angama-30 etorque etholakalayo esetshenziswa usuku noma ezimbili.
Njengenjwayelo, yenza izibalo zakho, futhi uthenge ngezindleko zempilo yonke. Kungase kusho umehluko phakathi kwenzuzo enempilo, noma ukulahlekelwa okukhubazekile.