Nceda
A isemi-automatic transmission yi ugqithiso lwesantya esininzi apho inxalenye yokusebenza kwayo ikhoyo izenzekelayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenza kwe clutch), kodwa igalelo lomqhubi lisafuneka ukuze uqalise isithuthi ukusuka kwindawo yokumisa kunye nokutshintsha iigiya ngesandla. Usasazo lweSemi-automatic luphantse lwasetyenziswa kuphela kwizithuthuthu kwaye lusekwe kwisiqhelo ukuhanjiswa ngesandla okanye uthumelo lwemanuwali olulandelelanayo, kodwa sebenzisa inkqubo ye-clutch ezenzekelayo. Kodwa ezinye ii-semi-automatic transmissions nazo zisekwe kwi-hydraulic eqhelekileyo usulelo oluzenzekelayo nge abaguquli betorque kwaye izixhobo zeplanethi.
Amagama eentlobo ezithile zosulelo lwe-semi-automatic abandakanya i-clutchless manual,auto-manual,i-auto-clutch manual,kwaye iphedi-shift usulelo.[8][9][10] Ezi nkqubo ziququzelela ukutshintshwa kwegiya kumqhubi ngokuqhuba inkqubo yeclutch ngokuzenzekelayo, ngesiqhelo iiswitshi oko kuvusa i i actuator okanye servo, ngelixa ifuna ukuba umqhubi atshintshe ngesandla iigiya. Oku kuchasene ne i-gearbox ye-preselector, apho umqhubi asebenzisa i-clutch kwaye akhethe umlinganiselo olandelayo wegiya, kodwa utshintsho lwegiya ngaphakathi kokudluliselwa lwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kokuhanjiswa kwe-semi-automatic kwakukwiimoto, ukwanda kokuthandwa phakathi kwe-1930s xa zanikezelwa ngabavelisi beemoto abaninzi baseMelika. Ingaphantsi kwesiqhelo kunokuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo kwe-hydraulic, ukuhanjiswa kwe-semi-automatic kwenziwe kwafumaneka kwiimodeli ezahlukeneyo zeemoto kunye nezithuthuthu kwaye ziye zahlala zisemveliso kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-21. Ukuhanjiswa kweSemi-automatic kunye nokusebenza kwe-paddle shift kusetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo iimoto zomdyarho, kwaye zaye zaziswa kuqala ukulawula i-electro-hydraulic gear shift mechanism ye Ferrari 640 Formula One imoto ngo-1989. Ezi nkqubo ngoku zisetyenziswa kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zomdyarho weemoto zomdyarho; kuquka Ifomula yokuQala, IndyCar, kunye umdyarho weemoto ezikhenkethayo. Ezinye izicelo ziquka izithuthuthu, iilori, iibhasi, kunye izithuthi zikaloliwe.
Semi-automatics lula lula utshintsho gear ngokususa isidingo sokucinezela i-clutch pedal okanye i-lever ngexesha elifanayo nokutshintsha izixhobo. Uninzi lweemoto ezine-semi-automatic transmission azifakelwanga i-clutch pedal esemgangathweni ekubeni i-clutch ilawulwa kude. Ngokufanayo, uninzi lwezithuthuthu ezine-semi-automatic transmission azifakwanga kwi-clutch lever eqhelekileyo umqheba.
Uninzi losasazo lwesemi-automatic lusekwe kuthumelo lwezandla oluqhelekileyo. Zinokudluliselwa ngokuzenzekela ngokuyinxenye. Nje ukuba i-clutch izenzekele, uthumelo luba semi-automatic. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zisafuna ukhetho lwegiya ngesandla ngumqhubi. Olu hlobo losasazo lubizwa ngokuba yi-a i-clutchless manual okanye i manual oluzenzekelayo.
Uninzi lwesemi-automatic transmissions kwiimoto zabakhweli abadala zigcina i-H-pattern shifter yesiqhelo ye-manual transmission; ngokufanayo, usulelo oluzenzekelayo kwizithuthuthu ezindala lugcina i-lever yesiqhelo yokutshintsha unyawo, njengakwisithuthuthu esinothumelo olupheleleyo lwezandla. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ze-semi-automatics kwizithuthuthu ezitsha, iimoto zomdyarho, kunye nezinye iintlobo zezithuthi zihlala zisebenzisa iindlela zokukhetha izixhobo ezinje ngeeshift paddles kufutshane nommandla. isiteringi okanye ezibangela kufutshane ne ii-handlebars.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuzenzekela kwi-clutch actuation zisetyenzisiwe ukutyhubela iminyaka, ukusuka i-hydraulic, umoya, kunye electromechanical bamba ukuba Isebenza ngevacuum,[18] i-electromagnetic, kunye nokuba amabamba centrifugal. Ukudityaniswa kolwelo (eyona ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye ibifudula isetyenziswa kuthumelo oluzenzekelayo oluzenzekelayo) ikwasetyenziswa ngabavelisi abohlukeneyo, ngokwesiqhelo ecaleni kohlobo oluthile lweclutch yokukhuhlana koomatshini, ukuthintela isithuthi ekubeni sime xa sima okanye xa simi. engasebenziyo.
Uyilo oluqhelekileyo lwesemi-automatic transmission inokusebenza ngokusebenzisa Iinzwa zempembelelo zeholo okanye iiswitshi ezincinci ukubona icala leshifti eceliweyo xa intonga yegiya isetyenziswa. Imveliso yala benzi boluvo, idityaniswe nemveliso evela kwisixhobo soluvo esiqhagamshelwe kwi ibhokisi yegiya elinganisa isantya kunye negiya yayo yangoku, ifakwe kwi-a iyunithi yolawulo losasazo, iyunithi yolawulo lwe-elektroniki, iyunithi yokulawula injini, okanye microprocessor,[19][20] okanye olunye uhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo yombane. Le nkqubo yolawulo ke imisela elona xesha lifanelekileyo kunye netorque efunekayo kunxibelelwano lwe-clutch olugudileyo.
Iyunithi yolawulo lwe-elektroniki inika amandla i-activator, edibanisa kwaye ikhuphe i-clutch ngendlela egudileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, i-clutch iqhutywa yi-a i-servomotor kudityaniswe nelungiselelo lesixhobo se-a i actuator yomgca, leyo, nge-a cylinder hydraulic ezaliswe nge hydraulic fluid isuka e inkqubo ye-braking, ikhupha i-clutch. Kwezinye iimeko, i-clutch actuator yangaphakathi inokuba ngumbane ngokupheleleyo, apho i-clutch actuator engundoqo inikwe amandla yi-clutch actuator. injini yombane okanye i-solenoid, okanye i-pneumatic, apho i-clutch actuator engundoqo i i actuator yomoya oko kukhulula i-clutch.
Isixokelelwano semanuwali esingena-clutchless, esibizwa ngokuba yi I-Autostick, ibiyi semi-automatic transmission eyaziswa ngu Volkswagen kumzekelo wonyaka we-1968. Ithengiswe njenge Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, i-speed manual ye-speed three-speed manual yadityaniswa ne-vacuum-operated automatic clutch system. Umphezulu wentonga yegiya wawuyilelwe ukucinezela nokuvula iswitshi yombane, okt xa uphathwa sisandla somqhubi. Xa ucinezelekile, iswitshi yasebenza i-12-volt i-solenoid, eyathi yona yasebenzisa i-vacuum clutch actuator, ngaloo ndlela ikhupha i-clutch kwaye ivumela ukutshintsha phakathi kwegiya. Xa isandla somqhubi sisusiwe kwi-gearshift, i-clutch ibiya kuzibandakanya ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuhanjiswa kwakuxhotyiswe nge-torque converter, evumela imoto ukuba ingasebenzi kwigiya efana ne-othomathikhi, kunye nokumisa kwaye iqale ukusuka ekumeni kuyo nayiphi na igiya.[21][22][23]
Ukuqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990, abavelisi beemoto bazisa into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi- transmission manual oluzenzekelayo (AMT), efana ngoomatshini, kwaye ineengcambu zayo, ngaphambili clutchless manual transmission systems. I-AMT isebenza ngendlela efanayo nosasazo oludala lwe-semi-automatic kunye ne-clutchless manual, kodwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbini; iyakwazi ukusebenza zombini i-clutch kwaye itshintshe ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye ayisebenzisi isiguquli setorque. Ukutshintsha kwenziwa nokuba kuzenzekela ukusuka kwi-a iyunithi yolawulo losasazo (TCU), okanye ngesandla ukusuka nokuba kutshift knob okanye shift iipaddles zifakwe emva kwevili lokuqhuba. Ii-AMTs zidibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha okuhanjiswa kwencwadana kunye nokuguquguquka ngokulula kokuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo. Eyona nto ingalunganga kubo kukungaguquguquki kakuhle ngenxa yeclutch yoomatshini ekhutshiweyo yi-TCU, ebonakala ngokulula njenge "jolting".[ucaphulo olufunekayo] Abanye abenzi bothutho baye bazama ukusombulula lo mbandela ngokusebenzisa amakhonkco e-synchronizer angaphezulu kwaye bangavuli ngokupheleleyo i-clutch ngexesha lokutshintsha-esebenza kwithiyori, kodwa ukususela ngo-2007, akuzange kubekho iimoto zokuvelisa uchungechunge kunye nemisebenzi enjalo.[ifuna uhlaziyo] Kwiimoto zabahambi, ii-AMTs zanamhlanje zinezantya ezintandathu (nangona ezinye zinesixhenxe) kunye negiya elide. Ngokudityaniswa nenkqubo yokutshintsha i-smart-shifting, oku kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha. Ngokubanzi, kukho iindidi ezimbini ze-AMTs: ii-AMTs ezidibeneyo kunye nee-AMTs zokongeza. Ii-AMTs ezidityanisiweyo ziyilelwe ukuba zibe zii-AMTs ezizinikeleyo, kanti ezongezelelo ze-AMTs ziluguqulelo lothumelo lwezandla olusemgangathweni lube zii-AMTs.[ucaphulo olufunekayo]
Ugqithiso lwe-automated manual lunokubandakanya imo ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo apho umqhubi kungafuneki ukuba atshintshe iigiya kwaphela.[24] Olu dluliselo lunokuchazwa njengothutho oluqhelekileyo lwencwadana kunye ne-clutch ezenzekelayo kunye nolawulo lokutshintsha kweegiya ezizenzekelayo, ezivumela ukuba zisebenze ngendlela efanayo nokuhanjiswa kwendabuko okuzenzekelayo. I-TCU itshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo iigiya ukuba, umzekelo, injini yenziwe ngokutsha. I-AMT inokutshintshelwa kwimowudi ye-clutchless yesandla apho umntu anokunyusa okanye atshintshe i-downshift esebenzisa i-console-mounted shift selecter okanye ii-paddle shifters.[25] Inexabiso eliphantsi kunolosulelo oluzenzekelayo oluqhelekileyo.[26]
I-automated manual transmission (amagama orhwebo abandakanya SMG-III) akufanelekanga ukubhidaniswa ne "manumatic" transmission oluzenzekelayo (ithengiswe phantsi kwamagama zorhwebo ezifana Titronic, ISttronic, Ezemidlalo, kwaye Geartronic). Ngelixa ezi nkqubo zibonakala zifana kakhulu, i-manumatic isebenzisa i-torque converter njengothumelo oluzenzekelayo, endaweni ye-clutch esetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwe-automated manual. I-automated manual inokunika umqhubi ulawulo olupheleleyo lokhetho lwegiya, ngeli lixa i-manumatic iyakwala isicelo sokutshintsha igiya esinokukhokelela ekumeni kwe-injini (ukusuka kwembalwa kakhulu. RPM) okanye ukubuyisela umva kwakhona. [24] Imowudi oluzenzekelayo unikezelo manual oluzenzekelayo kwisantya esezantsi okanye rhoqo stop isiqalo igudileyo ngaphantsi kunaleyo manumatics kunye nezinye transmissions oluzenzekelayo.
Ugqithiso oluninzi lwe-semi-automatic olusetyenziswa zizithuthuthu kunye neemoto zomdyarho zisekwe ngoomatshini ukuhanjiswa ngesandla ngokulandelelana. Ukuhanjiswa kwesithuthuthu esizihambelayo ngokuqhelekileyo kuyayishiya i-clutch lever, kodwa gcina i-lever yesiqhelo ye-heel-and-toe foot shift shift.
Uthumelo lwesithuthuthu oluzihambelayo lusekwe kuthungelwano oluqhelekileyo olulandelelanayo lwezandla kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo lusebenzisa centrifugal clutch.[34] Ngesantya esingasebenziyo, injini iyanqunyulwa kwishaft yokufaka igearbox, ivumela yona kunye nebhayisekile ukuba zihambe. freewheel, ngokungafaniyo ne torque converter automatics, akukho ukukhasa okungenamsebenzi ngeclutch yecentrifugal elungelelaniswe kakuhle. Njengoko isantya se-injini sinyuka, ii-counterweights ngaphakathi kwi-clutch assembly ngokuthe ngcembe zijikela ngaphandle de ziqale ukudibana nongaphakathi kwindlu yangaphandle kwaye zigqithise isixa esonyukayo samandla e-injini kunye netorque. "Indawo yokuluma" okanye "indawo yokuluma" esebenzayo[35] ifunyanwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokulingana, apho amandla ahanjiswa nge-clutch (esahambayo) ilingana nento enokubonelela ngayo injini. Oku kuvumela ukukhawuleza okugcweleyo okugcweleyo ukusuka (kunye ne-clutch ehlengahlengisiweyo ukuze injini ibe kwi-torque ephezulu) ngaphandle kokuba i-injini icothe okanye ixinzelele phantsi, kunye nokuqalisa okuphumlileyo kunye nokuhamba ngesantya esisezantsi kwi-throttle esezantsi kunye RPMs.
Ngowe-1901, Amédée Bollée iphuhlise indlela yokutshintsha iigiya ezingadingi ukusetyenziswa kwe-clutch kwaye yavulwa ngumsesane ofakwe ngaphakathi kwevili lokuqhuba.[36] Enye imoto eyayisebenzisa le nkqubo yayingowe-1912 Bollee Uhlobo F Torpedo.
Phambi kokufika kosasazo lokuqala oluveliswe ngobuninzi behydraulic oluzenzekelayo (i General Motors Hydra-Matic) ngo-1940, abavelisi abaninzi baseMelika banikezela ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukunciphisa inani le-clutch okanye igalelo lokutshintsha elifunekayo.[37] Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukunciphisa ubunzima bokusebenza ii-transmissions zemanuwali ezingadityaniswanga, okanye "i-crash gearboxs", ezazidla ngokusetyenziswa, ngakumbi xa uqhuba u-stop-start.
Inyathelo lakwangoko elibhekiselele kuthumelo oluzenzekelayo yayingowe-1933–1935 ULWIMI Uzitshintsha-tshintsha,[38][39][40][41] ezithi zitshintshe ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi kweegiya ezimbini eziya phambili kwimowudi "yaphambili" (okanye phakathi komlinganiselo wegiya ezimbini ezimfutshane kwimowudi ethi "emergency low"). Ukuma ukuqalisa kufuna ukuba umqhubi asebenzise i-clutch pedal. I-Self-Shifter yaqala ukubonakala ngoMeyi 1933 kwaye yanikezelwa njengomgangatho kwiRoyale kwaye njengendlela yokukhetha kwi-Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Ngo-1937, i-four-speed Oldsmobile Usasazo oluzenzekelayo loKhuseleko lwaziswa kwi Oldsmobile Six kunye neemodeli ze-Oldsmobile Eight.[38] Isebenzise i-gearset yeplanethi ene-clutch pedal ukuqala kwi-standstill kunye nokutshintsha phakathi koluhlu "ophantsi" kunye "ophezulu".[43][44][45] I-Automatic Safety Transmission yatshintshwa yi-Hydra-Matic ene-automatic ngokupheleleyo ye-1940 model year.[46][47]
Ngowe-1938-1939 Buick Special ibikhona nenye iSelf-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic transmission,[48][49][50] esebenzise i-clutch ye-manual ukuqala ukusuka kwi-standstill kunye ne-clutch ezenzekelayo yokutshintsha izixhobo.
Ngowe-1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic Uthumelo yayilulwelo oluhamba ngesantya ezibini oluneyunithi edityanisiweyo ye-underdrive, i-clutch yesandla yesiqhelo, kunye nokudibanisa ulwelo phakathi kwe-injini ne-clutch.[51][52][53] Uthumelo lwesantya ezibini lunoluhlu "oluphezulu" kunye "noluphantsi", kwaye i-clutch yayisetyenziswa xa umqhubi efuna ukutshintsha phakathi koluhlu. Ukuqhuba okuqhelekileyo, umqhubi uya kucofa i-clutch, akhethe uluhlu oluPhezulu, aze akhulule i-clutch. Emva kokuba i-accelerator icinezelwe, ukudibanisa kwamanzi kwakuza kubandakanyeka kwaye imoto yayiza kuqala ukuqhubela phambili, kunye neyunithi ye-underdrive edibeneyo ukubonelela umlinganiselo ophantsi we gear. Phakathi kwe-15-20 mph (24-32 km / h), umqhubi uya kuphakamisa i-accelerator kwaye i-underdrive unit iya kukhupha. IVacamatic yatshintshwa kwafana M6 Presto-Matic usasazo lwemodeli yonyaka we-1946.
Uyilo olufanayo lwasetyenziswa ngowe-1941–1950 Hudson Qhuba-Master[54][55] kunye ne-1942 engalunganga Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Zombini ezi zidibanise isantya esi-3 ukuhanjiswa ngesandla kunye nokutshintsha okuzenzekelayo phakathi kwe-2 kunye neye-3 yegiya, endaweni yeyunithi ye-Vacamatic "underdrive".
I-Packard Electro-Matic, eyaziswa ngo-1941 Packard Clipper kwaye I-Packard 180, yayiyi-clutchless manual transmission yangaphambili eyayisebenzisa i-clutch ye-friction yendabuko kunye nokusebenza kwe-vacuum ngokuzenzekelayo, eyayilawulwa yindawo ye-accelerator.
I iimveliso zeemoto inkqubo yemanumatic, ekhoyo ngo-1953 I-Ford Anglia 100E, yayiyinkqubo yeclutch ene-vacuum-powered automatic eyayiqhutywa sisitshi esivulwa nanini na xa intonga yegiya ishukunyiswa. Inkqubo inokulawula ikhebula le-throttle (ukugcina injini kwi-RPM efunekayo yokutshintsha i-gear) kwaye ihluke izinga lokubandakanya i-clutch.[58] Inkqubo elandelelanayo yeNewtondrive, efumaneka ngo-1957–1958 iFord Anglia, nayo yayinelungiselelo kuminxa ulawulo. Imveliso efanayo yayiyiJamani Saxomat inkqubo clutch oluzenzekelayo, owaziswa phakathi-1950 kwaye ifumaneka kwiimoto ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu.[59]
I I-Citroën DS, eyaziswa ngo-1955, yasebenzisa a inkqubo ye-hydraulic ngesilawuli sesantya esisebenza ngobuchwephesha kunye nesixhobo sokunyusela isantya esingasebenziyo ukukhetha iigiya kunye nokusebenzisa i-clutch eqhelekileyo. Oku kuvumele ukuba i-clutchless itshintshe enye umkhethi onyuswe kwikholamu, ngelixa umqhubi ngaxeshanye waphakamisa i-accelerator ukuze atshintshe igiya. Le nkqubo yabizwa ngokuba yi "Citro-Matic" e-US
Kunyaka we-1962 oyimodeli, IiMoto zaseMelika yazisa i-E-Stick, eyaphelisa i-clutch pedal kwi Rambler waseMelika kunye nemigangatho emithathu-speed manual transmissions.[60] Le clutch oluzenzekelayo kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo lwe-oyile injini njengomthombo hydraulic kwaye yayifumaneka ngaphantsi kwe $60.[61] Xa kuthelekiswa nosasazo oluzenzekelayo oluzenzekelayo lwelo xesha, i-E-Stick yanika uqoqosho lwe-fuel ye-stick-shift, kunye ne-vacuum kunye nezitshixo zombane ezilawula i-clutch. Uthungelwano lwe-E-Stick olunesantya esithathu lwanikezelwa kwesikhulu Rambler Classic iimodeli, kunye neyunithi ye-overdrive.[62] Inkqubo yayifumaneka kuphela ngeenjini ze-6-cylinder, kwaye ukungabikho kwe-clutch kwabonakala kungathandeki, ngoko ke yayekwa emva ko-1964.[63]
Ngo-1967 Volkswagen WSK (Ukudluliselwa clutch Converter; IsiNgesi: Torque converter shift/clutch gearbox), esetyenziswa kwi Bhungane, Uhlobo lwesi-3 kwaye UKarmann Ghia, wayeyenye yeebhokisi zokuqala zohlobo lwayo, ene-clutch yomatshini ozenzekelayo kunye nesiguquli setorque. Yayikwabizwa ngokuba yi I-Autostick. Ukutshintsha kwenziwe ngesandla ngumqhubi. I-clutch yomatshini ezenzekelayo ivumele imoto ukuba ikhawuleze ukusuka kwindawo yokumisa, ngelixa i-torque converter yenza ukuba yenze njalo nakweyiphi na igiya. Ukungcangcazela kwe-injini yokungcangcazela kunye nokubonelela ngokuphindaphindwa kwetorque, isebenze njengohlobo "lwebhokisi yegiya yokunciphisa", ke eyona bhokisi yegiya yomatshini ifuna kuphela iigiya ezintathu eziya phambili (kungenxa yoko le nto ukuhanjiswa okuzenzekelayo okuzihambelayo kunye neziguquli zetorque zihlala zineegiya ezimbalwa kunokuhanjiswa ngesandla). I-WSK yayingenazo izixhobo "zokuqala"; endaweni yoko, igiya yokuqala yaguqulelwa kwigiya ebuyela umva, kwaye eyesibini yabhalwa kuqala (ngeyesithathu neyesine ngokulandelelana ibhalwe eyesibini neyesithathu).[64]
I Chevrolet Torque-Drive usasazo, lwaziswa ngo-1968 Chevrolet Nova kwaye I-Camaro, ngomnye wemizekelo embalwa apho uthumelo lwe-semi-automatic lwalusekwe kwi-hydraulic automatic transmission yesiqhelo (kunokuba kuthumelo oluqhelekileyo lwemanuwali). ITorque-Drive yayiyi-2-speed Powerglide transmission oluzenzekelayo ngaphandle imodyuli vacuum, efuna umqhubi ngesandla shift iigiya phakathi "Low" kunye "High". Isalathisi se-quadrant kwiimoto zeTorque-Drive yayiyi "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Umqhubi uya kuqalisa imoto ngo-"1st," emva koko uhambise i-lever ku-"Hi" xa ufunwa. I-Torque-Drive yayekwa ekupheleni kuka-1971 kwaye yatshintshwa yi-hydraulic automatic transmission. Eminye imizekelo yesemi-automatic transmissions esekwe kwihydraulic automatics yayiyiFord 3-speed Semi-Automatic Transmission eyayisetyenziswa ngo-1970-1971. Ford Maverick, iinguqulelo zokuqala zeHonda's 1972-1988 Hondamatic I-2-speed kunye ne-3-speed transmissions, kunye ne Daihatsu I-Diamatic 2-speed transmission esetyenziswe kwi-1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.