Rwanda
Hagati ya flawheel ya moteri ya mazutu yikamyo no gusasa reberi yambarwa hejuru yumuhanda, hariho umurongo muremure wibice byo kwimura, kuyobora, gukwirakwiza, no kugwiza itara ritanga ikamyo ubuzima bwaryo.
Hagati muri iki gikorwa ni ihererekanyabubasha. Urebye ivugurura rito ugereranije rya mazutu manini, hamwe no gutandukanya umuvuduko mugari wa porogaramu nyinshi zisaba, umurimo wibanze wo kohereza ni ugukomeza moteri ikora neza mugihe kirekire gishoboka.
Ariko tekinoroji ishigikira itumanaho iratandukanye cyane, hamwe nubuhanga butandukanye bukurura ibice bitandukanye byisoko.
Nkibisanzwe, imigenzo nuburambe bigira uruhare runini muguhitamo abakiriya kandi ubu, kuruta mbere hose, gutekereza kubashoferi bigira ingaruka cyane kubisobanuro byatoranijwe. Kurugero, umukoresha ufite ikibazo cyo kubona abashoferi bafite uburambe kandi babishoboye mugukemura icyubahiro kandi mubisanzwe amasasu Eaton Roadranger 18-yihuta-meshi ya garebox azahitamo ikintu kidasaba pedal clutch.
Icyemezo gikurikiraho ni uguhitamo hagati yigitabo cyikora, kigifite clutch hamwe nicyapa cyumuvuduko bityo rero gishobora kwambarwa hejuru yikigereranyo, cyangwa ubwikorezi bwuzuye bwikora bukoresha flux ihuza cyangwa ihinduranya ya torque.
Hano reba vuba ubwoko bwikwirakwizwa burahari…
>> UBUYOBOZI BWA SYNCHROMESH
Ababikora benshi bubaka ibyabo muri iki cyiciro. Ikoranabuhanga ryaragaragaye, ryoherezwa mu buryo bworoshye haba ku mbibi z’ibigo ndetse n’akarere, kandi bisaba umubare muto wamahugurwa yabashoferi kumafaranga make. Ntibyoroshye, ariko, guhindura cyangwa guhindura ibipimo bihuye ninshingano. Uruganda rukunda gukosora ibyo hamwe nurukurikirane rwibitekerezo byukuntu moderi yikamyo izakoreshwa. Gukoresha synchromesh kugirango garebox ishireho ibyuma bigabanya ubushobozi bwa torque yibi bisanduku, bityo uburemere bwibisanduku bya synchro 'ntibisanzwe mubihe byashize.
>> UBUYOBOZI BWA MESH
Mubyohereza byose, iyi niyo igoye cyane kumenya. Yashizweho hamwe n’umuriro mwinshi, ibintu bikabije mubitekerezo, kandi iracyari ikintu cyambere muri Ositaraliya kuri gari ya moshi yo mumuhanda hamwe nibindi byinshi bihuza intera ndende. Eaton niyo itanga amahitamo muri iki cyiciro, kandi umuvuduko wa 18 wihuta wa H-moderi ya gare hamwe na buto itaziguye / irenze urugero kandi ihinduranya urutonde rwerekana ibimenyetso byabashoferi babarirwa mu bihumbi mu gihugu hose. Umukoresha mwiza arashobora kugumisha umuriro kimwe nigitabo icyo aricyo cyose cyikora, ariko nubuhanga bushobora gufata imyitozo myinshi (rimwe na rimwe ihenze).
>> UBUYOBOZI BWA AUTOMATED (HAMWE CYANGWA NTA BURYO BUKORESHEJWE)
Scania yakundaga gutanga igitabo cyayo cyikora haba muburyo bubiri cyangwa butatu. Sinzi impamvu. Niba ugiye kubona mudasobwa yo gucunga clutch, kuki utareka ngo ikore akazi kayo kuva itangiye kugeza irangiye? Ariko bambwiye ko amato amwe akunda ko abashoferi babo bakoresha clutch kugirango batangire kandi bigaragara ko ikunzwe cyane mubigo by'imyuga.
AMT ubwayo ubu ni sisitemu yemejwe ariko hari itandukaniro rinini mumuvuduko wimpinduka. Umuyapani umwe AMT uruganda rushimangira kwiyubaka ubwabyo biratinda cyane hagati yicyuma ushobora gukora ikawa mugihe utegereje. Umwe muri Suwede ni mwiza cyane kuriyi kandi impinduka zihuse zituma guhagarika torque bigabanuka.
Fuso ifite impinduramatwara ku nsanganyamatsiko - Duonic AMT yayo ifite ibice bibiri, bityo 'agasanduku gahitamo ibikoresho bizakurikiraho nkuko wihuta. Kuri disikuru yanjye ya mbere Nafashwe muri metero 100. Habayeho ibibazo byokwizerwa uruganda rwakemuye, ariko cyane cyane agasanduku koroheje 'agasanduku ka Canter. Ntushobora kubibona muburyo buciriritse cyangwa buremereye cyane.
Muburyo bwa tekiniki, AMT nubusitani butandukanye burigihe-mesh gearbox hamwe na sisitemu ya clutch yimashini ikinguye kandi icomekwa. Ibyo bizana kwizerwa no koroshya serivisi, mugihe ufite ibyuma bisuzumisha mugucunga impinduka. Ariko bivuze kandi ko hamwe na verisiyo nziza (kuva i Burayi no muri Amerika, ni ukuvuga), urashobora guhindura uburyo bwo guhinduranya, kuvugurura intera hamwe nigihe cyo gukoresha kugirango uhuze na porogaramu.
Nkurugero, kuri disiki yanjye yambere ya Hino 700 hamwe na ZF AMT, byahise bigaragara ko ntamuntu numwe warebye neza ibiranga moteri. Yahinduye utubuto twinshi, nuko mpindukira muburyo bwintoki, mfata moteri nini ya Hino kugeza 1050rpm mbere yo guhinduka, nkoresha lisansi nkeya kandi nishimira gutwara ituje. Tugarutse ku musozi wa Ousley, mu majyaruguru ya Wollongong, ntabwo natinze kurenza amakamyo yashingiraga kuri mudasobwa.
>> AUTOMATIQUE YUZUYE
Ikizamini gikamyo nakunze cyakorewe muri Amerika hashize imyaka myinshi. Mu nzira yikizamini gifunze, amakamyo abiri asa yagonzwe kuri romoruki ifite uburemere bumwe. Umwe yari afite agasanduku ka Allison ', undi Eaton Roadranger nigitabo cyihuta 18.
Ikamyo yimodoka yari itwawe numunyeshuri wa kaminuza nigitabo cyumushoferi wabigize umwuga. Irushanwa ryo gukurura umusozi muremure wabonye umunyeshuri atsinze neza. Noneho, nyuma yisiganwa, byaragaragaye ko umunyeshuri afite imbaraga nke za 75!
Byari urugero rwiza rwo gutandukanya itara ritavunitse rikora, kandi urashobora kubibona gusa hamwe nogukwirakwiza byikora. Agasanduku ka Allison gakoresha umuvuduko wumuhanda, torque ikoreshwa, umuvuduko wihuta nu mpande zimpande zo kubara uburemere bukabije bwikigo. Icyo gihe icunga ikarita ikurikirana.
'Agasanduku nako kerekana uburyo bwiza bwo gukwega mumiterere yumuhanda. Kuri ubu, ibyuma byuzuye ntibigaragara muri leta cyangwa mumihanda ya gari ya moshi. Hano hari iterambere mubikorwa, ariko ntugahumeke.
Impanuro, abakangurambaga ba beto na pompe, amakamyo yimyanda hamwe nogutanga metro niho uzasangamo ikoreshwa ryinshi ryimodoka zuzuye, mubihe bimwe na bimwe kubera umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutwara ibinyabiziga ndetse nuburyo bwo gukuraho abasimbuye ibintu bihenze kandi bisanzwe.
>> HYBRID AUTOMATED MANUAL HAMWE NA TORQUE CONVERTER
Mercedes-Benz ifite umugozi wihariye kumuheto wacyo murwego rwohereza. Actros SLT ni ikamyo iremereye cyane-ifite ikamyo ifite umwirondoro wa Actros hamwe n'imbere ya Actros ariko ni imyenda mishya y'imbere. Gutwara kuri SLT unyura muri Powershift AMT ariko nyuma yo kunyura mumashanyarazi ya mbere.
Inyungu zifite akamaro kanini kuruhare runini kuruta izindi zose, aho guhagarara-uburemere bukabije bitangira kwipimisha ndetse na driveline nziza. Kuri AMT isanzwe, mugihe uhisemo gutwara disiki yo gutangira ibikoresho kandi nta na trottle uzanyura imbere nkuko sisitemu ikora clutch. Ariko kanda buto ya D kuri SLT kandi ntaho ujya. Ikoresha ibikoresho ariko guhindura torque ntabwo ihindura itara iryo ariryo ryose.
Gusa iyo ukanze trottle ikora torque ihindura itunganya imbaraga mukwirakwiza. Ihuriro rero ryarasezeranye byuzuye kandi guhuza amazi bikora kunyerera. Ni igisubizo kiremereye kuko ufite uburyo bwo kohereza bubiri kumurongo, ariko kubikorwa biremereye tare uburemere ntabwo aribintu byingenzi. SLTs ikoreshwa kwisi yose mumato aremereye mumatsinda manini atwara abantu.
ABAYOBOZI B'UMWIHARIKO
Usibye inganda zishushanya kandi zubaka imiyoboro yazo, hari abubaka garebox kabuhariwe batanga ibicuruzwa byabo muruganda na nyuma yo kugurisha bwa mbere.
>> EATON
Gukomera-nk-imisumari Roadranger yoherejwe bizwi cyane nko guhererekanya amahitamo kumato menshi aracyariho. Ariko Eaton ntishobora kwirengagiza inganda zose zigamije kugabanya umushoferi ugomba gukoresha clutch, nuko Ultrashift na UltraShift Plus ziratangizwa. Nubusanzwe ni Roadranger ifite hydraulic clutch ikoreshwa na elegitoroniki, bityo ikiguzi cyiterambere cyabaye ahanini abanyabwenge. Nubwo bimeze bityo, nyuma yo kwimuka, hotshots zizava mumurongo zerekeza mumihanda nyabagendwa zidakora kuri clutch uko byagenda kose.
>> ZF
Iyi sosiyete yo mu Budage ikora ubwoko bwinshi nububiko bwa garebox na axe, kandi ikundwa cyane nabubatsi b'Abanyaburayi. Ubu iracuruza ibyuma byuzuye kugirango ihangane na Allison kandi inaterwa inkunga n’ingabo za NATO mu gutanga no gukenera ingabo zoroheje.
Igishushanyo cyayo cya TraXon nicyambere. Nubusanzwe ni ibikoresho byifashishwa hamwe, byombi, ibivangavanze cyangwa torque ihindura modules imbere. Porogaramu izagena sisitemu ikwiranye neza ariko hamwe nibisanzwe, ibiciro biragabanuka.
>> AISIN
Ifitwe nitsinda rya Toyota, isosiyete yubaka intoki nogutwara amamodoka kumasosiyete no mumatsinda atari matsinda, kandi itanga ibigo bimwe byimodoka zi Burayi. Igishimishije, urashobora kugura ikamyo ya Hino hamwe nogukwirakwiza Allison, kubwibyo Aisin itarakoresha uburyo bwose bushoboka bwo gukoresha ikamyo yubaka.
>> ALLISON
Igisirikare nicyo cyatangije iterambere rya Allison, nubwo isosiyete yateguye kandi yubaka moteri ya aero. Mubyukuri, intangiriro yambere kuri Allison isaba gutwi. Induru ya turboprops enye za Allison zirira hirya no hino imizigo ya RAAF C130 Hercules nijwi ryumvikana burundu mububiko bwanjye bwoherejwe na Air Air Dispatch.
Boral ifite ijambo ryamagambo abiri yo gutondekanya agasanduku ka Allison mugihe utumiza amakamyo mashya ya beto cyangwa amabuye - 'zero downtime'. Isosiyete itanga amamodoka aremereye ku masosiyete akoresha ibikoresho byubwubatsi n’igisirikare cy’Amerika, anatanga ibice byo gutwara bimwe mu bikorwa byo mu nyanja.
Umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha Allison muri Ositaraliya ni Robert Cavagnino, umutware w'ikipe ya Top Fuel mu gihe cye. Hagati yo gutandukanya ugutwi kwa moteri ya nitro mu nama ya nyuma ya WA, yambwiye ibijyanye no kwiyongera kwimodoka zitwara mu nganda, bitewe ahanini n’abakiriya.
Ingingo y'ingenzi ni uko icyerekezo cyateye imbere kuva kimwe mubikenewe kubera ubushobozi buke bwabashoferi, kugeza kuri kimwe cyogukora neza kubera uburyo agasanduku ka auto 'agasanduku kerekana imikorere ya moteri.
Ati: "Niyo mpamvu hari ikibazo gitera imbere muri AMT".
"Moteri zo mu Burayi by'umwihariko ni izisubiramo nke, zifite amashanyarazi menshi ya silindari esheshatu zisaba rwose guhindura moteri kugira ngo zitange umusaruro mwiza."
SHAKA INZIRA
Hariho ibintu kuri horizone bizagura uburyo butandukanye bwo gukwirakwiza ikoranabuhanga mu makamyo ku mihanda ya Aussie. Allison na ZF bombi bafite intego kubakoresha intera ndende bafite ibintu bizashimisha iyi porogaramu.
Allison's TC10 twin-countershaft yihuta 10 yihuta yohereza byihuta biroroshye bihagije mumijyi no mumihanda minini yimbere yimodoka kandi itanga ubwubatsi buvanze hamwe nimbaraga zose zuzuye, moteri ya moteri hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera cya garebox.
Isosiyete yakoresheje amatsinda y’abakoresha ibizamini bageze ku kigereranyo cya gatanu ku ijana mu kuzamura ubukungu bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli hamwe na TC10 ugereranije n’uburyo bukoreshwa n’intoki.
Gearbox irapimwe kugeza kuri 600hp na 2305Nm ya tque ifite umuvuduko 10 wimbere hamwe na kabiri. Iza ifite ibikoresho bishya bya Allison bigenzura bya elegitoroniki, bitanga prognozike yo gukuraho amavuta adakenewe no kuyungurura, hamwe no kongera imikorere yo guhitamo.
Gusunika udushya ni ugutwara iterambere mubice bishya. Kurugero, ZF yashyizeho pake ya Innovation Truck igaragaramo moteri yamashanyarazi ya 120kW yubatswe mu nzu yinzogera ya 12 yihuta.
Ntabwo ikora gusa nka retarder igarura ingufu, ahubwo ifite amayeri meza cyane iyo ihujwe na servisi ya seriveri, porogaramu igoye cyane hamwe na tablet ya mudasobwa. Muri make, umushoferi ageze kuri depot maze yegera hafi yikigobe cyapakiye, asohoka mu gikamyo, ashyikiriza igisate abakozi bashinzwe imizigo maze yerekeza mu nzu kugira ngo asinzire.
Abantu ba depo noneho bakoresha tablet kugirango bahindure ikamyo mukigobe badakoresheje moteri. Moteri yamashanyarazi ikora manuuveri mugihe moteri ya mazutu nayo ifata agatotsi, kandi software ikora kuyobora.
Sisitemu yerekanwe kuri DAF XF ikurura igice hamwe na trailer yingurube inyuma (reba ishusho yambere). Amagambo abiri asa nkaho ntakibazo kubakoresha, uyobora ikamyo n'urutoki rumwe rukurura ibishushanyo mbonera kuri tablet kumwanya ukenewe. Ndashobora gutekereza kubashoferi bake B-kabiri bakeneye sisitemu nkiyi ...
IKIBAZO KININI: AUTO CYANGWA NUBUYOBOZI?
Ikibazo kinini gishobora gusubizwa gusa nugusuzuma hafi yo gusaba no gukoresha umushoferi. Igitabo, cyaba clutch ikoreshwa na shoferi cyangwa mudasobwa, ifite aho igarukira igenda ikuzwa nigikorwa kidahagarara mugushushanya moteri nibiranga.
Mu magambo y’abalayiki, bigaragara ko imiraba ya torque, isa cyane na pulses mugihe ugabanije umubare wa silinderi ukagabanya ivugurura, irashobora gushiraho imiyoboro iri mumashanyarazi ikwirakwizwa kumurongo mugihe ihujwe no guhuza bikomeye, Nka ihuriro. Irashobora kuvamo ECM isobanura izo pulses nkumushoferi winjiza muri trottle, bigatuma moteri ihiga, ndetse no muburyo bwo kugenda.
Uruganda rumwe rwo hejuru, hamwe na AMT nziza cyane kumasoko kubijyanye no gukoreshwa, irareba cyane kuri automatike yuzuye kurubu kubera imitwaro minini ya torque inyura muri AMT zayo.
Urundi rubanza ruvugwa ni Swede nini, ifite umutwe wa 3500Nm V8 ifite torque igarukira kuri 200Nm kuva ibikoresho bya mbere kugeza cyenda. Gutezimbere agasanduku ka AMT kugirango ukemure ubwo bwoko bwa torque mubikoresho byo hasi byaba imbaraga zubwubatsi. Nubwo rero wishyura inyongera kumashusho manini ya torque, wabonye gusa kuva kumyenda ya 10 kuri. Ibyo bivuze ko umukoresha uremereye adashobora kubona igipimo ntarengwa mugihe abikeneye cyane - mugihe uyobora Manly Ferry idasanzwe hafi yinganda, urugero.
Ubwanyuma, kugwiza torque bikorwa nibikoresho byashyizwe muri AMT ariko bigakorwa mumazi mu modoka, bikagabanya kwambara gari ya moshi.
Ibyuma bya elegitoronike kuri AMT birashobora gukora byinshi cyane, nkigihe ibikoresho byashizwemo ni uguhuza gukomeye. Nibihinduka rero nibyo byibandwaho na ECM. Ariko imodoka irashobora kugenzura inzira ya torque mugihe ibikoresho bikora, byongera umuriro mugihe bisabwa - rimwe na rimwe bidahinduye ibikoresho - kimwe no gukomeza itara, ndetse no mugihe cyo guhindura ibikoresho.
Ibikorwa bya leta birashoboka ko aribwo buryo bwanyuma bwohereza intoki cyangwa AMT. Hamwe ninshuro nke ugereranije nimpinduka, gukomera gukomeye ntacyo bitakaza muburyo bwimodoka. Kuzigama mumavuta ava mumatara ahoraho yihuta ni miniscule mugihe ikamyo amaherezo igonga umuhanda kandi ikagenda hamwe na 30% byumuriro uboneka ukoreshwa kumunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.
Nkibisanzwe, kora amafaranga yawe, kandi ugure kubiciro byose byubuzima. Irashobora gusobanura itandukaniro riri hagati yinyungu nzima, cyangwa igihombo cyamugaye.