An raba keɓaɓɓen keken hannu zuwa katukan abin hawa da ƙwanƙolin ƙafar ƙafa. An raba na'urorin motsa jiki zuwa injin injin tururi, na'urorin injin dizal, na'urorin motsa jiki na lantarki da na'urori masu motsi na raka'a da yawa bisa ga nau'ikan locomotive. Motoci masu motsi na dizal locomotives, lantarki locomotives da emus suna sanye take da kayan watsawa a jikin axle. Motocin fasinja masu saurin gudu na zamani da emus suna ɗaukar birkin diski, kuma ana shigar da fayafai a jikin axle ko ƙafafun.

An raba madafunan motsi na tururi zuwa na'urorin jagora, na'urori masu motsi, na'urori masu tuƙi da kuma ƙafafun ruwan kwal. Biyu ƙafafun jagora suna a gaban locomotive kuma suna taka rawar jagora. Biyu masu motsi masu motsi suna taka rawar watsa ƙarfin motsa jiki. Biyukan dabaran tuƙi ana tuka su kai tsaye ta silinda piston (piston) ta cikin rocker, kuma ƙafar ƙafar biyun suna tuƙi ta sandar haɗi. Akwai cranks, crank fil ramuka da daidaita tubalan a tsakiyar dabaran dabaran biyun motsi, kuma cranks na ƙafafu na hagu da na dama yakamata su sami bambanci na digiri 90 lokacin da aka haɗa su. Wuraren motsin motsi da dabaran jagora suna kan cikin motar. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan bayi da ƙafar ruwan kwal suna kama da siffar ƙafafun fasinja da motocin dakon kaya.

Za'a iya raba ƙwanƙwaran ƙafa zuwa ƙwanƙwasa masu jujjuyawar ƙafafu da na'urori masu ɗaukuwa masu zamiya bisa ga nau'ikan ɗawainiya da suka dace da gatari. Motocin fasinja na layin dogo na kasar Sin duk an karbe su, kuma adadin motocin dakon kaya masu birgima na karuwa kowace rana.

Dangane da bambance-bambancen matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin aksle (matsakaicin matsakaicin matsa lamba da wheelset akan dogo ke yi), dabaran na zamewar mota ta kasu kashi hudu: B, C, D da E, da girman axles da ƙafafun kowane nau'in wheelset sun bambanta sai diamita na dabaran; Akwai nau'ikan fasinja da na'ura mai ɗaukar kaya iri uku: RC, RD da RE, kuma akwai tsayin mujallu daban-daban a cikin ƙafa ɗaya saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan birgima daban-daban, don haka ana amfani da waɗannan lambobi don bambance su, kamar RC. da RD. An ƙirƙira axles daga matsakaicin ƙarfe mai ingancin carbon zuwa cikin silinda tare da diamita daban-daban. Dangane da nau'ikan abin hawa, ana iya raba ta zuwa gatura mai hawa da kuma fasinja da axles na manyan motoci. Dangane da nau'in ɗaukar hoto, ana iya raba shi zuwa gatari mai ɗaukar nauyi mai zamewa da jujjuyawar axle.

① Wurin kujera, inda aka danna dabaran, kuma shine ɓangaren da ke da mafi girman diamita akan axle;

(2) jarida, ɓangaren axle wanda ke hulɗa tare da ɗaukar nauyi;

(3) Jikin axle, sashin da ke tsakanin ƙafafun biyu. Wasu gawarwakin fasinja da motocin dakon kaya a hankali suna raguwa daga kujerar dabaran zuwa tsakiya, wasu kuma jikin axle suna da tsayin siliki. Na'urorin watsawa na dizal locomotives da lantarki locomotives da axle-mounted birki fayafai na locomotive axles tare da diski birki suna haduwa a kan axle jikin;

(4) Kujerar farantin ƙura mai hana ƙura, sauyawa tsakanin jaridar axle da wurin zama a kan gatari na fasinja da motocin dakon kaya, wanda aka shigar da farantin ƙura mai ƙura mai zamiya ko kuma baffle na baya na akwatin axle na mirgina;

⑤ Axle collars, sassan da ke gefen biyu na fasinja da motocin dakon kaya waɗanda ke fitowa daga jaridun axle, ana amfani da su don hana ɗimbin zamewa daga motsi da yawa a kan mujallolin axle, kuma babu ƙuƙumman axle a kan mirgina masu motsi;

⑥ Ƙashin baya na jarida da kuma ɓangaren jarida a kusa da wurin zama mai ƙura mai ƙura an yi shi a cikin sauye-sauye na baka don kauce wa damuwa da damuwa da ke haifar da canji na diamita kwatsam.

Nauyin da ke kan axle na locomotive da mirgina hannun jari yana canzawa koyaushe, kuma saboda wheelset ɗin yana ci gaba da jujjuyawa, ana haifar da matsananciyar damuwa a cikin gatari. Don haka, dole ne a inganta iyakar karko na kayan axle. A saboda wannan dalili, a cikin tsarin masana'antu, dole ne a sarrafa ma'aunin igiya ta hanyar yankan juzu'i mai tsayi, jarida da wurin zama ya kamata a ƙarfafa ta hanyar mirgina, kuma ya kamata a saita tsagi mai rage nauyi a wurin motar motar da canjin baka. (birgima) na jaridar baya kafada. Ya kamata a gano aibi mai tsauri na ultrasonic da electromagnetic a duk tsawon lokacin amfani.

Axles yawanci suna da ƙarfi, amma rarraba damuwa na axle a kan sashin giciye ba daidai ba ne, kuma mafi kusa da saman, mafi girma da damuwa, yayin da damuwa a tsakiyar yana da ƙananan. Sabili da haka, yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da axle maras kyau maimakon ƙaƙƙarfan axle don rage tasirin cutarwa na nauyin unsprung akan locomotives da layi. Ko da yake an yi ƙoƙari na tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin layin dogo na wasu ƙasashe, har yanzu ana yin nazari da inganta shi saboda yanayin damuwa da ake amfani da shi [1].

Ana danna ƙafafun a kan gatari, kuma nisa tsakanin ƙafafun biyu a kan gatari ɗaya an daidaita shi da ma'auni, ta yadda ƙafafun za su iya birgima a kan dogo.

Bangaren dabaran da ke da alaƙa da dogo, wato, zoben waje na ƙafar, ana kiransa rim a kan dabaran haɗin gwiwa da taya a kan motar taya. Ana kiran saman gemu ko taya da ke tuntuɓar layin dogo, kuma ɓangaren da aka ɗaga a gefe ɗaya na titin ana kiransa rim. Bakin yana gefen layin dogo na ciki, wanda zai iya hana abin hawa daga karkacewa da kuma taka rawar jagora. Sashin dabaran da aka haɗa tare da axle ana kiransa hub. An haɗa Hub da baki ta hanyar magana. Spokes na iya zama diski mai ci gaba, wanda ake kira spokes; Hakanan yana iya zama adadin silinda da aka shirya tare da radial shugabanci, wanda ake kira spokes.

Dangane da tsarin, ana iya raba ƙafafun zuwa nau'i biyu: ƙafafun taya da ƙafafun haɗin gwiwa. Ana yin motar taya ta hanyar shigar da taya a cibiyar motar ta hanyar dacewa mai zafi da shigar da zobe mai riƙewa. Zoben riƙewa zai iya hana tayar daga fitowa lokacin da taya da cibiyar dabaran ke kwance, kuma suna taka rawar tsaro. Ƙaƙƙarfan dabaran ita ce haɗa taya tare da gefen ƙafar a tsakiyar dabaran. Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙasashe kuma suna ɗaukar ƙafafu tare da abubuwa na roba tsakanin baki da gidan yanar gizo. Irin wannan dabaran ana kiransa elastic wheel, wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi ne kawai akan motocin karkashin kasa.

A cikin aiki, ɓangaren tuntuɓar dabaran tare da dogo yana ɗaukar babban matsi kuma farfajiyar lamba tana haifar da nakasu na roba da babban damuwa na lamba. A cikin aiki, ƙafafun hagu da dama ba makawa suna birgima a kan dogo tare da diamita daban-daban, yana haifar da zamewa da lalacewa; Lokacin da ake birki, takalmin birki shima yana sawa takun ƙafafu sosai, kuma ana haifar da zafin jiki.

Duk waɗannan suna buƙatar cewa kayan hawan keke dole ne su sami ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, tauri, ƙarfin tasiri da juriya mai kyau. Cibiyar da aka danna akan gatari galibi tana ɗauke da ƙarfi na roba, kuma masu magana ko magana kawai suna ɗaukar matsin lamba da lanƙwasawa, waɗanda ke buƙatar tsananin ƙarfi.

Za a iya yin taya da tsakiyar motar motar taya da kayan aiki daban-daban, don haka zai iya dacewa da bukatun da ke sama. Ƙaƙƙarfan dabarar ta yi ƙasa da ƙafafun taya a cikin juriya, amma ta fi nauyi kuma ba ta da tsada. Mafi mahimmanci, taya ba zai huta ba kuma ya fashe. Har yanzu dai titin dogo na kasar Sin na amfani da tayoyin taya a kan mashinan motoci, kuma dukkan motocin fasinja da na kaya sun yi amfani da tayoyin karfe.

Ƙimar ƙima ta diamita ta dabaran ita ce diamita na da'irar birgima (da'irar da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin jirgin da ke daidai da gefen ƙafar ciki da kuma tattakin dabaran). Diamita na dabaran motocin dakon kaya, motocin fasinja, injunan konewa na ciki da na'urorin lantarki da ake amfani da su a cikin layin dogo na kasar Sin sun kai 840mm, 915mm, 1050mm da 1250mm bi da bi. A diamita na daban-daban ƙafafun na tururi locomotive bambanta da model, da kuma diamita na motsi ƙafafun ne yawanci tsakanin 1370 da kuma 2000 mm.

Layin kwane-kwane da aka kafa ta gefen ƙafar ƙafa kuma ta taka kan sashin radial na dabaran. Zaɓin ƙirar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da ƙafar ƙafa). Ƙaƙƙarfan yana ba da damar ƙafafun su wuce ta cikin lanƙwasa da jujjuyawar amintacce ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Tatsin madaidaici ne, tare da taper na 1:10 kusa da da'irar birgima.

Lokacin wucewa ta hanyar lankwasa, dabaran na waje yana birgima akan layin dogo na waje mai girman diamita kusa da bakin, dabaran na ciki kuma tana jujjuyawa akan layin dogo na ciki tare da ƙaramin diamita, ta yadda a gefe ɗaya, ƙafafun yana taka rawar jagora. tare da canjin layin layi, kuma a lokaci guda, bambancin nisa na mirgina tsakanin motar ciki da motar waje na iya ramawa ga tasirin bambancin tsayin dogo na ciki da na waje.

Lokacin tafiya a madaidaiciyar layi, idan wheelset ɗin ya karkata daga tsakiyarsa akan layin, bambanci tsakanin radiyon naɗaɗɗen ƙafafun biyu zai sa ƙafar ƙafar ta motsa ta hanyar maido da matsayinta na tsakiya. Taper na gefen ƙafar ƙafar ita ce 1: 5, wanda zai iya ƙara bambanci tsakanin radius na mirgina na ƙafafu biyu na wheelset kuma ya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ƙananan radius. Duk da haka, tattakin conical kuma shine tushen motsi irin na maciji na locomotives da motoci kuma yana rinjayar ingancin gudu. Rage tafe na taka yana taimakawa wajen hana motsin farauta, amma a fili ƙurawar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta ce, kuma rayuwar sabis ɗin dabaran ta gajarta sosai.

Ana amfani da wannan hanyar akan wasu jiragen kasan fasinja masu sauri. A gefe guda, bayanin martaba na ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafafu da sauri da sauri a matakin farko na aiki, sa'an nan kuma yakan tsaya tsayin daka. Bayan gyaran rotary, ba za a iya kiyaye siffar ba na dogon lokaci, kuma adadin yankan karfe yana da girma sosai. Don haka, layukan dogo a wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki nau'in nau'in takalmi wanda ke kusa da yanayin lalacewa, kuma ana kiransa wear tread. Yin amfani da wannan siffa ba zai iya rage lalacewa kawai da kuma tsawaita sake zagayowar gyare-gyaren juyi ba, har ma da rage yawan damuwa saboda inganta yanayin tuntuɓar motar-dogo.