Zulu
A ukudluliswa kwe-semi-automatic yin a ukudluliswa kwesivinini esiningi lapho ingxenye yokusebenza kwayo ikhona okuzenzakalelayo (ngokuvamile ukwenziwa kwe- clutch), kodwa okokufaka komshayeli kusadingeka ukuze imoto imile futhi azishintshele mathupha amagiya. Ama-semi-automatic transmissions acishe asetshenziswa ezithuthuthuni futhi asuselwa kokujwayelekile okuthunyelwa ngesandla noma ama-transmission manual alandelanayo, kodwa sebenzisa isistimu yokubamba ezenzakalelayo. Kodwa amanye ama-semi-automatic transmissions nawo asesekelwe ku-hydraulic ejwayelekile ukudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo nge iziguquli ze-torque futhi amagiya amaplanethi.
Amagama ezinhlobo ezithile zokudluliselwa kwe-semi-automatic ahlanganisa i-clutchless manual,ngokuzenzakalelayo,i-auto-clutch manual,futhi i-paddle-shift ukuthunyelwa.[8][9][10] Lezi zinhlelo zenza kube lula ukushintsha kwamagiya kumshayeli ngokusebenzisa i-clutch system ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokuvamile esebenzisa amaswishi lokho kuvula i i-actuator noma servo, kuyilapho idinga ukuthi umshayeli ashintshe amagiya mathupha. Lokhu kuphambene no-a I-preselector gearbox, lapho umshayeli esebenzisa i-clutch bese ekhetha isilinganiso segiya esilandelayo, kodwa ukuguqulwa kwegiya ngaphakathi kokudluliselwa kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwama-semi-automatic transmissions kwakusezinmotweni, kwanda ekudumeni maphakathi nawo-1930 lapho zinikezwa abakhiqizi bezimoto abambalwa baseMelika. Okungajwayelekile kakhulu kunokuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-hydraulic okuzenzakalelayo, ama-semi-automatic transmissions asenziwe atholakala kumamodeli ahlukahlukene ezimoto nezithuthuthu futhi aqhubeke ekukhiqizweni kulo lonke ikhulu lama-21. Ama-Semi-automatic transmissions ane-paddle shift shift asetshenziswe ezinhlobonhlobo izimoto zomjaho, futhi yethulwa okokuqala ukulawula umshini wokushintsha amagiya we-electro-hydraulic we I-Ferrari 640 Imoto yeFormula One ngo-1989. Lezi zinhlelo okwamanje zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezigaba zezimoto zomjaho ezisezingeni eliphezulu; kuhlanganise I-Formula One, IndyCar, kanye umjaho wezimoto zokuvakasha. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zihlanganisa izithuthuthu, amaloli, amabhasi, kanye izimoto zikaloliwe.
Semi-automatics lula lula ukushintsha kwamagiya ngokususa isidingo sokucindezela i-clutch pedal noma i-lever ngesikhathi esifanayo nokushintsha amagiya. Izimoto eziningi ezine-semi-automatic transmission azifakelwe i-clutch pedal ejwayelekile kwazise i-clutch ilawulwa ukude. Ngokufanayo, izithuthuthu eziningi ezine-semi-automatic transmission azifakelwe i-clutch lever evamile isibambo.
Iningi lama-semi-automatic transmissions asuselwa ekudluliselweni okujwayelekile okwenziwa ngesandla. Angaba ukudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo ngokwengxenye. Uma i-clutch isizishintshashintsha, ukudlulisa kuba semi-automatic. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo zisadinga ukukhethwa kwegiya ngesandla ngumshayeli. Lolu hlobo lokudlulisela lubizwa ngokuthi a i-clutchless manual noma i imanuwali ezenzakalelayo.
Iningi lama-semi-automatic transmissions ezimotweni zabagibeli ezindala zigcina i-shift ye-H-pattern evamile yokudlulisa ngesandla; ngokufanayo, ama-semi-automatic transmissions ezithuthuthu ezindala agcina i-lever ye-foot-shift evamile, njengasesithuthuthwini esinomshini osebenza ngesandla ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, amasistimu e-semi-automatics ezithuthuthu ezintsha, izimoto zomjaho, nezinye izinhlobo zezimoto zivame ukusebenzisa izindlela zokukhetha amagiya njengamashifu paddles eduze isiteringi noma izicupha eduze izibambo.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zokuzenzakalela kwe-clutch actuation ziye zasetshenziswa phakathi neminyaka, kusukela i-hydraulic, i-pneumatic, futhi i-electromechanical bamba ku umsebenzi we-vacuum,[18] i-electromagnetic, futhi ngisho izintambo ze-centrifugal. Ukuhlanganisa uketshezi (ejwayeleke kakhulu futhi ngaphambilini esetshenziswa kuma-automatic transmissions) nayo isetshenziswe abakhiqizi abahlukene, imvamisa eceleni kohlobo oluthile lwe-mechanical friction clutch, ukuvimbela imoto ukuthi ingami lapho ima noma imile. engenzi lutho.
Idizayini evamile yokudlulisela i-semi-automatic ingase isebenze ngokusebenzisa Izinzwa zomphumela wehholo noma ama-micro switch ukuthola isiqondiso sokushintsha okuceliwe lapho kusetshenziswa induku yegiya. Okukhiphayo kwalezi zinzwa, kuhlanganiswe nokuphumayo okuvela kunzwa exhunywe ku- gearbox ekala isivinini kanye negiya layo lamanje, ifakwa ku-a iyunithi yokulawula ukudlulisa, iyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi, iyunithi yokulawula injini, noma i-microprocessor,[19][20] noma olunye uhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula kagesi. Lolu hlelo lokulawula lube selunquma isikhathi esifanelekile kanye ne-torque edingekayo ukuze kusebenze i-clutch ebushelelezi.
Iyunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi inika amandla i-actuator, ebamba futhi ingahlanganisi i-clutch ngendlela ebushelelezi. Kwezinye izimo, i-clutch iqhutshwa ngu-a i-servomotor kuhlanganiswe nokuhlelwa kwegiya a i-actuator yomugqa, okuthi, nge-a i-hydraulic cylinder egcwele i-hydraulic fluid ukusuka i-braking system, inqamula i-clutch. Kwezinye izimo, i-clutch actuator yangaphakathi ingaba ngogesi ngokuphelele, lapho i-clutch actuator eyinhloko inikwa amandla yi-clutch actuator. motor kagesi noma i-solenoid, noma i-pneumatic, lapho i-clutch actuator eyinhloko iyi- i-pneumatic actuator lokho kukhulula i-clutch.
Isistimu ye-clutchless manual, ebizwa ngokuthi I-Autostick, bekuyi-semi-automatic transmission eyethulwe yi Volkswagen ngonyaka wemodeli ka-1968. Imakethwa njenge I-Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, umshini wokudlulisa onamagiya amathathu oshintshwayo ojwayelekile wawuxhunywe kusistimu yokubamba okuzenzakalelayo esebenza ngevacuum. Ingxenye engaphezulu yegiya yakhelwe ukucindezela nokuvula iswishi kagesi, okungukuthi uma ithintwa isandla somshayeli. Lapho icindezelwa, iswishi ibisebenzisa i-12-volt i-solenoid, yona eyayisebenzisa i-actuator ye-vacuum clutch, ngaleyo ndlela inqamule i-clutch futhi ivumele ukushintsha phakathi kwamagiya. Uma isandla somshayeli sikhishiwe ku-gearshift, i-clutch izophinde izibambele yona. I-transmission ibifakwe ne-torque converter, evumela imoto ukuthi ingasebenzi egiyeni njenge-automatic, ime futhi iqale imile kunoma yiliphi igiya.[21][22][23]
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, abakhiqizi bezimoto bethula lokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi i- transmission manual (AMT), efana mshini ne, futhi inezimpande zayo, kumasistimu okudlulisa ngesandla angenawo ama-clutchless. I-AMT isebenza ngendlela efanayo nama-semi-automatic amadala kanye nama-clutchless manual transmissions, kodwa ngaphandle kokubili; iyakwazi kokubili ukusebenzisa i-clutch futhi ishintshe ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi ayisebenzisi isiguquli se-torque. Ukushintsha kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka ku-a iyunithi yokulawula ukudluliswa (TCU), noma ngesandla kusuka ku-shift knob noma ama-shift paddles afakwe ngemuva kwesiteringi. Ama-AMTs ahlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kokushintshashintsha kwama-automatic transmissions. Okubi kakhulu kwabo ukunethezeka okungahambi kahle ngenxa ye-clutch eyimishini inqanyulwa yi-TCU, okubonakala kalula njengokuthi "inyakaza".[ingcaphuno edingekayo] Abanye abenzi bokudlulisa baye bazama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokusebenzisa izindandatho ze-synchronizer ezinkulu futhi bangavuli ngokugcwele i-clutch ngesikhathi sokushintsha-okusebenza ngombono, kodwa kusukela ngo-2007, azikho izimoto zokukhiqiza eziwuchungechunge ezinemisebenzi enjalo.[idinga isibuyekezo] Ezimotweni zabagibeli, ama-AMTs esimanje ngokuvamile anezivinini eziyisithupha (yize ezinye zineziyisikhombisa) kanye negiya elide. Ngokuhambisana nohlelo lokushintshashintsha okuhlakaniphile, lokhu kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-AMT: ama-AMT ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-AMT angeziwe. Ama-AMT ahlanganisiwe aklanyelwe ukuthi abe ama-AMTs azinikele, kanti ama-AMT angeziwe angukuguqulwa kokudluliswa kwezandla okujwayelekile kube ama-AMT.[ingcaphuno edingekayo]
I-automated manual transmission ingase ihlanganise imodi ezenzakalelayo lapho umshayeli engadingi nhlobo ukushintsha amagiya.[24] Lawa ma-transmission angachazwa njenge-standard manual transmission ene-automated clutch kanye ne-automated gear shift control, ewavumela ukuthi asebenze ngendlela efanayo nama-automatic transmissions. I-TCU ishintsha amagiya ngokuzenzakalelayo uma, isibonelo, injini injalo kufakwe umugqa obomvu. I-AMT ingashintshelwa kumodi yezandla engena-clutchless lapho umuntu engakwazi ukuphakamisa noma ukwehlisa i-downshift esebenzisa isikhethi seshif esifakwe ikhonsoli noma izishifu zokugwedla.[25] Inezindleko eziphansi kunezijwayelekile ezishintshashintshayo.[26]
I-automated manual transmission (amagama okuhweba ahlanganisa I-SMG-III) akufanele kudidaniswe ne-"manumatic" automatic transmission (imakethwa ngaphansi kwamagama okuhweba afana nalokhu I-Titronic, I-Steptronic, Ezemidlalo, futhi I-Geartronic). Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zibonakala zifana nje, i-manumatic isebenzisa isiguquli se-torque njenge-othomathikhi, esikhundleni se-clutch esetshenziswa ku-automated manual transmission. I-automated manual inganika umshayeli ukulawula ngokugcwele ukukhetha kwegiya, kanti i-manumatic izokwenqaba isicelo sokushintsha igiya esingaholela ekumeni kwenjini (kusuka kwabambalwa kakhulu. RPM) noma ukuvuselela kabusha. [24] Imodi ye-othomathikhi yokudluliswa kwezandla ezishintshayo ngesivinini esiphansi noma esivamile sokuqala sokuma ayisheleli kakhulu kunaleyo ye-manumatics nokunye okuzishintshayo.
Ama-semi-automatic amaningi asetshenziswa izithuthuthu nezimoto zomjaho empeleni asekelwe ukuthunyelwa kwemanual okulandelanayo. Izithuthuthu ezizishintshayo ezishintshashintshayo ngokuvamile aziyisebenzisi i-clutch lever, kodwa zigcina isileva esivamile sonyawo lwesithende nozwane.
Ukuhanjiswa kwezithuthuthu ezizenzakalelayo kususelwa ekudluliselweni okujwayelekile okulandelanayo kwamanuwali futhi kuvame ukusebenzisa i-centrifugal clutch.[34] Ngesivinini esingenzi lutho, injini iyanqanyulwa ku-gearbox input shaft, okuvumela yona kanye nebhayisikili ukuthi I-freewheel, ngokungafani ne-torque converter automatics, akukho ukuhamba kancane nge-clutch ye-centrifugal elungiswe kahle. Njengoba ijubane lenjini likhuphuka, izinsimbi eziphikisanayo phakathi kwe-clutch ziyaqhubekela phambili ziye ngaphandle zize ziqale ukuxhumana nengaphakathi lendlu yangaphandle futhi zidlulisele inani elikhulayo lamandla enjini kanye netorque. "Iphoyinti lokuluma" elisebenzayo noma "iphoyinti lokuluma"[35] itholakala ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokulingana, lapho amandla edluliselwa nge-clutch (esashelelayo) alingana nalokho injini engakunikeza. Lokhu kuvumela i-throttle egcwele esheshayo ngokushesha ukusuka (nge-clutch elungisiwe ukuze injini ibe se-torque ephezulu) ngaphandle kokuthi injini ihambe kancane noma iboshwe, kanye nesiqalo esikhululeke kakhudlwana kanye nokuhamba ngesivinini esiphansi ku-throttle ephansi kanye Ama-RPM.
Ngo-1901, U-Amédée Bollée yakha indlela yokushintsha amagiya eyayingadingi ukusetshenziswa kwe-clutch futhi yavulwa indandatho eyayifakwe ngaphakathi kwesondo lokuqondisa.[36] Enye imoto esebenzisa lesi simiso kwakungu-1912 Bollee Uhlobo F Torpedo.
Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-hydraulic automatic transmission yokuqala ekhiqizwa ngobuningi (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) ngo-1940, abakhiqizi abambalwa baseMelika banikela ngamadivaysi ahlukahlukene ukunciphisa inani le-clutch noma okokufaka okuguquguqukayo okudingekayo.[37] Lawa madivaysi ayehloselwe ukunciphisa ubunzima bokusebenzisa i- ama-transmission ashintshwayo angavumelanisiwe, noma "ama-gearbox e-crash", abevamise ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ekushayeleni uma uqala umile.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuya ekuhanjisweni okuzenzakalelayo kwaba ngo-1933-1935 ULIMI Ozishintshayo,[38][39][40][41] eshintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwamagiya amabili aya phambili kwimodi "yaphambili" (noma phakathi kwezilinganiso zamagiya amabili amafushane kumodi "ephansi eziphuthumayo"). Iziqalo zokuma bezidinga ukuthi umshayeli asebenzise i-clutch pedal. I-Self-Shifter yavela okokuqala ngoMeyi 1933 futhi yanikezwa njengejwayelekile ku-Royale nanjengenketho ku-Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Ngo-1937, i-four-speed I-Oldsmobile I-Automatic Safety Transmission yethulwe ku- Oldsmobile Six kanye namamodeli e-Oldsmobile Eight.[38] Isebenzise igiya leplanethi eline-clutch pedal ukuze liqale limile futhi lishintshe phakathi kwebanga "eliphansi" nelithi "eliphezulu".[43][44][45] I-Automatic Safety Transmission yathathelwa indawo i-Hydra-Matic ezenzakalelayo ngokuphelele ngonyaka wemodeli ka-1940.[46][47]
Ngo-1938-1939 I-Buick Special ibitholakala nenye iSelf-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic transmission,[48][49][50] ebisebenzisa i-clutch eyenziwa ngesandla ukuze iqale ukusuka lapho imile kanye ne-automated clutch yokushintsha amagiya.
Ngo-1941 Chrysler I-M4 Vacamatic Ukushintshashintshashintshashintshayo kwakuyi-gearbox eshintshwayo enamagiya amabili ashintshwayo eneyunithi ye-underdrive ebalulekile, i-clutch eshintshwayo yendabuko, kanye nokuhlanganisa uketshezi phakathi kwenjini ne-clutch.[51][52][53] Amagiya amabili ashintshashintshayo abe nebanga "eliphezulu" nelithi "low", futhi i-clutch yayisetshenziswa lapho umshayeli efuna ukushintsha phakathi kobubanzi. Ekushayeleni okuvamile, umshayeli wayecindezela i-clutch, akhethe u-High range, bese ekhulula i-clutch. Lapho i-accelerator isicindezelwe, i-coupling yamanzi yayizohlanganyela futhi imoto izoqala ukuya phambili, neyunithi ye-underdrive ihileleke ukunikeza isilinganiso segiya esiphansi. Phakathi kuka-15–20 mph (24–32 km/h), umshayeli wayephakamisa i-accelerator futhi iyunithi ye-underdrive izophuma. I-Vacamatic yathathelwa indawo efanayo I-M6 Presto-Matic ukudluliswa kwemodeli yonyaka we-1946.
Imiklamo efanayo yasetshenziswa ngo-1941-1950 Hudson Drive-Master[54][55] kanye ne-1942 engalungile Lincoln I-Liquimatic.[56][57] Zombili lezi zihlanganise i-3-speed transmission manual ngokushintshashintsha okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwegiya lesi-2 nelesi-3, esikhundleni seyunithi "ye-underdrive" ye-Vacamatic.
I-Packard Electro-Matic, eyethulwa ngo-1941 I-Packard Clipper futhi I-Packard 180, bekuyi-gearbox yakuqala engena-clutchless esebenzisa i-clutch yendabuko yokushayisana ene-automatic vacuum operation, eyayilawulwa ukuma kwe-accelerator.
I imikhiqizo yezimoto uhlelo lwemanumatic, olutholakala ngo-1953 I-Ford Anglia 100E, kwakuyisistimu ye-clutch ezenzakalelayo ene-vacuum eyayivulwa iswishi eyayicushwa noma nini lapho igiya linyakaziswa. Isistimu ingalawula ikhebula elimpintshayo (ukugcina injini iku-RPM edingekayo ukuze kushintshwe igiya) futhi ishintshe izinga lokusebenzisana kwe-clutch.[58] Uhlelo olulandelanayo lwe-Newtondrive, olutholakala ku-Ford Anglia ka-1957-1958, nalo lwalunelungiselelo le- kuminyanisa ukulawula. Umkhiqizo ofanayo kwakuyiJalimane Saxomat i-auto clutch system, eyethulwa maphakathi nawo-1950 futhi itholakala ezimotweni ezahlukene zaseYurophu.[59]
I I-Citroën DS, eyethulwe ngo-1955, yasebenzisa i-a uhlelo lwe-hydraulic ngesilawuli sesivinini esisebenza ngamanzi kanye nedivayisi yokunyusa isivinini engenzi lutho ukuze ukhethe amagiya nokusebenzisa i-clutch uma kungenjalo evamile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuguquguquka okungenasici nge-single isikhethi esifakwe kukholomu, kuyilapho umshayeli ngesikhathi esifanayo ephakamisa i-accelerator ukuze ashintshe igiya. Le sistimu yaqanjwa ngokuthi "Citro-Matic" e-US
Ngonyaka we-1962 oyimodeli, Izimoto zaseMelika yethule i-E-Stick, eqede i-clutch pedal ku- Rambler waseMelika ngamagiya amathathu ajwayelekile ashintshwayo.[60] Le clutch ezenzakalelayo isebenzise umfutho kawoyela wenjini njengomthombo wehydraulic futhi ibitholakala ngaphansi kwama-$60.[61] Uma iqhathaniswa nezishintshashintshayo ngaleso sikhathi, i-E-Stick yanikeza ukonga kukaphethiloli we-stick-shift, ene-vacuum namaswishi kagesi alawula i-clutch. I-E-Stick edonsa ngamagiya amathathu yanikezwa kwenkulu I-Rambler Classic amamodeli, kanye neyunithi ye-overdrive.[62] Lolu hlelo lwalutholakala kuphela ngezinjini ezingu-6-cylinder, futhi ukuntuleka kwe-clutch kwabonakala kungathandeki, ngakho yayekwa ngemva kuka-1964.[63]
Ngo-1967 Volkswagen I-WSK (Ukudluliselwa kwe-Clutch Converter; IsiNgisi: I-torque converter shift/clutch gearbox), esetshenziswa ku Ibhungane, Uhlobo 3 futhi U-Karmann Ghia, ubengomunye wama-gearbox okuqala alolu hlobo, ane-automatic mechanical clutch kanye ne-torque converter. Yayaziwa nangokuthi I-Autostick. Ukushintsha kwenziwa ngesandla ngumshayeli. I-automatic mechanical clutch ivumele imoto ukuthi isheshise isuka lapho isima khona, kuyilapho isiguquli se-torque siyivumela ukuthi yenze kanjalo kunoma yiliphi igiya. Ukudlidliza kwenjini kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokuphindaphindeka kwe-torque, isebenze njengohlobo "lwebhokisi likagiya lokunciphisa", ngakho-ke ibhokisi lika-gearbox langempela lidinga amagiya amathathu aya phambili (yingakho ukuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo okujwayelekile okuguquguqukayo kwe-torque kuvame ukuba namagiya ambalwa kunama-manual). I-WSK yayingenayo igiya "lokuqala"; esikhundleni salokho, igiya lokuqala laguqulwa laba igiya elibuyela emuva, kwathi elesibili labhalwa kuqala (ngelesithathu nelesine ngokulandelana libhalwe elesibili nelesithathu).[64]
I I-Chevrolet Torque-Drive ukuhanjiswa, kwethulwa ngo-1968 I-Chevrolet Nova futhi I-Camaro, ingesinye sezibonelo ezimbalwa lapho ukudluliswa kwe-semi-automatic kwakusekelwe ekudluliseni okujwayelekile okuzenzakalelayo kwe-hydraulic (kunokudluliswa kwesandla okujwayelekile). I-Torque-Drive empeleni ibiyi-2-speed I-Powerglide i-automatic transmission ngaphandle kwe-vacuum module, edinga ukuthi umshayeli azishintshele mathupha amagiya phakathi kokuthi "Low" kanye "High". Inkomba ye-quadrant ezimotweni ze-Torque-Drive bekuyi-"Park-RN-Hi-1st". Umshayeli wayezovulela imoto ku-"1st," bese ehambisa i-lever kokuthi "Hi" uma ethanda. I-Torque-Drive yayekwa ekupheleni kuka-1971 futhi esikhundleni sayo kwafakwa ugesi we-hydraulic automatic transmission. Ezinye izibonelo zama-semi-automatic transmissions asuselwa kuma-hydraulic automatics yiFord 3-speed Semi-Automatic Transmission eyasetshenziswa ngo-1970-1971. I-Ford Maverick, izinguqulo zokuqala ze-Honda's 1972-1988 I-Hondamatic 2-speed kanye 3-speed transmissions, kanye I-Daihatsu I-Diamatic 2-speed transmission eyasetshenziswa ngo-1985-1991 I-Daihatsu Charade.