Senyesemane
A phetiso ya semi-automatic ke a phetiso ya lebelo le lengata moo karolo ea tšebetso ea eona e leng teng e iketsang (haholo-holo ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea clutch), empa ho kenya letsoho ha mokhanni ho ntse ho hlokahala ho bula koloi ho tloha moo e emang le ho fetola likere ka letsoho. Semi-automatic transmissions e ne e batla e sebelisoa ka lithuthuthu feela 'me e thehiloe ho tloaelehileng phetiso ea matsoho kapa li-transmissions tsa sequential manual, empa sebelisa mokhoa o ikemetseng oa clutch. Empa li-transmission tse ling tsa semi-automatic le tsona li thehiloe holim'a hydraulic e tloaelehileng phetiso e iketsang ka li-converter tsa torque le lisebelisoa tsa lipolanete.
Mabitso a mefuta e ikhethileng ea phetiso ea semi-automatic a kenyelletsa clutchless manual,e iketsang ka letsoho,auto-clutch manual,le paddle-shift phetiso.[8][9][10] Lits'ebetso tsena li thusa mokhanni ho fetola li-gear ka ho sebelisa sistimi ea clutch ka bo eona, hangata ka ho sebelisa li-switches hore trigger a actuator kapa servo, ha e ntse e hloka hore mokhanni a fetole likere ka letsoho. Sena se fapana le a preselector gearbox, eo mokhanni a sebetsang ka clutch ebe o khetha tekanyo e latelang ea gear, empa phetoho ea gear ka har'a phetiso e etsoa ka boomo.
Tšebeliso ea pele ea li-transmission tsa semi-automatic e ne e le likoloing, tse ntseng li eketseha ka botumo bohareng ba bo-1930 ha li ne li fanoa ke baetsi ba likoloi ba 'maloa ba Amerika. Ha e sa tloaeleha ho feta phetisetso ea hydraulic automatic transmissions, li-semi-automatic transmissions leha ho le joalo li fumaneha mefuteng e fapaneng ea likoloi le lithuthuthu 'me li ntse li hlahisoa lekholong la bo21 la lilemo. Li-transmissions tsa semi-automatic tse nang le ts'ebetso ea ho fetoha ha marang-rang li sebelisitsoe mefuteng e fapaneng likoloi tsa mabelo, 'me li ile tsa hlahisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho laola mochine oa ho fetoha ha motlakase oa motlakase oa motlakase oa Ferrari 640 Formula One koloi ka 1989. Litsamaiso tsena hajoale li sebelisoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea lihlopha tsa likoloi tsa mabelo a maemo a holimo; ho kenyeletsa Foromo ea Pele, IndyCar, le ho etela mabelo a koloi. Lisebelisoa tse ling li kenyelletsa lithuthuthu, literaka, libese, le likoloi tsa terene.
Semi-automatics e thusa habonolo li-gear shifts ka ho tlosa tlhoko ea ho hatella clutch pedal kapa lever ka nako e ts'oanang le ho fetola likere. Likoloi tse ngata tse nang le semi-automatic transmission ha lia kengoa pedal e tloaelehileng ea clutch kaha clutch e laoloa hole. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuthuthu tse ngata tse nang le semi-automatic transmission ha lia kengoa le lever e tloaelehileng ea clutch handlebar.
Boholo ba li-semi-automatic transmissions li ipapisitse le phetiso e tloaelehileng ea matsoho. E ka ba phetiso e itirisang e itseng. Hang ha clutch e fetoha ea othomathike, phetiso e fetoha semi-automatic. Leha ho le joalo, litsamaiso tsena li ntse li hloka khetho ea lisebelisoa tsa letsoho ke mokhanni. Mofuta ona oa phetiso o bitsoa a clutchless manual kapa e bukana e iketsang.
Boholo ba li-semi-automatic transmissions likoloing tsa batho ba baholo li boloka sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa H-pattern shifter ea phetisetso ea letsoho; ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phetiso ea semi-automatic ka lithuthuthu tsa khale li boloka leqhubu le tloaelehileng la leoto, joalo ka sethuthuthu se nang le phetiso ea matsoho ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, lits'ebetso tsa semi-automatics lithuthuthu tse ncha, likoloi tsa mabelo le mefuta e meng ea likoloi hangata li sebelisa mekhoa ea ho khetha lisebelisoa joalo ka li-shift paddles pela lebili kapa tse tsosang haufi le maballo.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea automation bakeng sa clutch actuation e sebelisitsoe ho theosa le lilemo, ho tloha hydraulic, pneumatic, le electromechanical likhoka ho e sebetsa ka vacuum,[18] electromagnetic, esita le lithupa tsa centrifugal. Likopano tsa metsi (e atisang ho sebelisoa le pele e neng e sebelisoa nakong ea li-automatic transmissions) e boetse e sebelisoa ke bahlahisi ba fapaneng, hangata hammoho le mofuta o mong oa clutch ea mechine, ho thibela koloi ho ema ha e ema kapa ha e ema. e se nang letho.
Moralo o tloaelehileng oa phetiso ea semi-automatic o ka sebetsa ka ho sebelisoa Li-sensor tsa phello ea holo kapa li-switches tse nyane ho bona tsela ya tshifi e kopiloeng ha ho sebelisoa thupa ea gear. Li-sensor tsena li hlahisoa, li kopantsoe le tlhahiso e tsoang ho sensor e hokahantsoeng le lebokose la gear e lekanyang lebelo le lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa hajoale, e feptjoa ka ho yuniti ea taolo ea phetiso, yuniti ea taolo ea elektroniki, yuniti ea taolo ea enjene, kapa microprocessor,[19][20] kapa mofuta o mong oa sistimi ea taolo ea elektroniki. Sistimi ena ea taolo ebe e etsa qeto ea nako e nepahetseng le torque e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho sebetsa hantle ha clutch.
Karolo ea taolo ea elektronike e matlafatsa actuator, e kenyang le ho tlosa clutch ka mokhoa o bonolo. Maemong a mang, clutch e tsamaisoa ke a servomotor e kopantsoeng le tlhophiso ea lisebelisoa bakeng sa a linear actuator, eo, ka tsela ea hydraulic cylinder tlatsitsoe ka metsi a haeteroliki ho tloha ho tsamaiso ea braking, e tlosa clutch. Maemong a mang, actuator ea ka hare ea clutch e ka 'na ea e-ba ea motlakase ka ho feletseng, moo mochine o moholo oa clutch o tsamaisoang ke motlakase. motlakase kapa solenoid, kapa esita le pneumatic, moo clutch actuator e ka sehloohong e mochini o kenyang moea e theolang clutch.
A clutchless manual system, e bitsoang the Autostick, e ne e le semi-automatic transmission e hlahisoang ke Volkswagen bakeng sa selemo sa mohlala sa 1968. Marketed as the Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, phetisetso e tloaelehileng ea lebelo le mararo e ne e hokahantsoe le sistimi e ikemetseng ea clutch e sebetsang ka vacuum. Karolo e ka holimo ea thupa ea gear e ne e etselitsoe ho thefula le ho kenya sesebelisoa sa motlakase, ke hore, ha se tšoaroa ka letsoho la mokhanni. Ha e hatelloa, sesebelisoa se ne se sebetsa ka 12-volt solenoid, eo le eona e neng e sebelisa vacuum clutch actuator, ka hona e tlosa clutch le ho lumella ho fetoha lipakeng tsa likere. Ha letsoho la mokhanni le tlositsoe ho gearshift, clutch e ne e tla ikemela hape. Phetiso e ne e boetse e e-na le converter ea torque, e lumellang koloi hore e se ke ea sebetsa ka gear joalo ka ka othomathiki, hammoho le ho emisa le ho qala ho ema ka har'a lisebelisoa life kapa life.[21][22][23]
Ho qala bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1990, baetsi ba likoloi ba ile ba hlahisa seo hona joale se bitsoang phetisetso ea matsoho e iketsang (AMT), e ts'oanang le, 'me e simolohile ho litsamaiso tsa phetisetso tse se nang matsoho tsa pejana. AMT e sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le phetisetso ea khale ea semi-automatic le clutchless manual, empa ka mekhelo e 'meli; e khona ho sebetsa ka bobeli clutch le ho fetoha ka bo eona, 'me ha e sebelise torque converter. Shifting e etsoa ka tsela e iketsang ho tloha ho a yuniti ya taolo ya phetiso (TCU), kapa ka letsoho ho tloha ho konopo ea shift kapa li-paddles tse kentsoeng ka morao ho lebili. Li-AMTs li kopanya katleho ea peterole ea phetisetso ea matsoho le boiketlo bo fetohang ba phetisetso ea othomathiki. Phoso ea bona e kholo ke boiketlo bo bobe ba ho fetoha ka lebaka la clutch ea mochini e tlosoang ke TCU, e bonahalang habonolo e le "jolting".[qotso e hlokahalang] Baetsi ba bang ba phetisetso ba lekile ho rarolla bothata bona ka ho sebelisa mehele ea synchronizer e kholo le ho se bule clutch ka botlalo nakong ea ho fetoha-e sebetsang ka mohopolo, empa ho tloha ka 2007, ha ho so be le letoto la likoloi tsa tlhahiso tse nang le mesebetsi e joalo.[e hloka ntlafatso] Likoloing tsa bapalami, li-AMTs tsa sejoale-joale hangata li na le lebelo le tšeletseng (le hoja tse ling li na le tse supileng) le gearing e telele. Hammoho le lenaneo le bohlale la ho feto-fetoha, sena se ka fokotsa tšebeliso ea mafura haholo. Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-AMTs: li-AMT tse kopantsoeng le li-AMT tse kenyelletsoeng. Li-AMT tse kopantsoeng li ne li etselitsoe hore e be li-AMTs tse inehetseng, athe li-AMTs tse kenyelletsoeng ke phetoho ea phetisetso e tloaelehileng ea matsoho ho li-AMTs.[qotso e hlokahalang]
Phetiso ea letsoho e ikemetseng e ka kenyelletsa mokhoa oa othomathike ka botlalo moo mokhanni a sa hlokeng ho fetola likere ho hang.[24] Liphatlalatso tsena li ka hlalosoa e le phetisetso e tloaelehileng ea bukana e nang le clutch e ikemetseng le taolo ea phetoho ea gear e itirisang, e li lumellang ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le phetisetso ea setso ea othomathike. TCU e fetola likere ka bo eona haeba, mohlala, enjene e redlined. AMT e ka fetisetsoa ho mokhoa oa matsoho oa clutchless moo motho a ka phahamisang kapa a theoha a sebelisa sekhethi sa shift e kentsoeng ka kholiso kapa li- paddle shifters.[25] E na le litšenyehelo tse tlase ho feta phetiso e tloaelehileng ea othomathiki.[26]
Phetiso ea bukana e ikemetseng (mabitso a khoebo a kenyelletsa SMG-III) ha ea lokela ho ferekanngoa le "manumatic" automatic transmission (e rekisoang tlas'a mabitso a khoebo joalo ka Titronic, Steptronic, Lipapali, le Geartronic). Le hoja litsamaiso tsena li bonahala li tšoana hantle, manumatic e sebelisa converter ea torque joalo ka phetisetso ea othomathiki, ho fapana le clutch e sebelisoang phetisong ea othomathiki. Buka ea othomathike e ka fa mokhanni taolo e felletseng ea khetho ea likere, athe manumatic e hana kopo ea ho fetola gear e ka etsang hore enjene e eme (ho tloha ho tse fokolang haholo. RPM) kapa ho hlasimolla ho feta tekano. [24] Mokhoa o itekanetseng oa phetiso ea bukana ka lebelo le tlase kapa khafetsa la ho emisa ha o boreleli ho feta oa manumatics le li-transmission tse ling tsa othomathiki.
Li-transmission tse 'maloa tsa semi-automatic tse sebelisoang ke lithuthuthu le likoloi tsa mabelo li hlile li ipapisitse le phetiso ea sequential manual. Semi-automatic motorcycle transmissions ka kakaretso ha e tlohele lever ea clutch, empa e ts'oarela lever e tloaelehileng ea leoto la serethe le monoana.
Phetisetso ea lithuthuthu tsa semi-automatic e ipapisitse le phetisetso e tloaelehileng ea tatellano ea matsoho mme hangata e sebelisa clutch ea centrifugal.[34] Ka lebelo le sa sebetseng, enjene e hangoa ho tsoa ho "gearbox input shaft", e e lumellang ka bobeli le baesekele. freewheel, ho fapana le torque converter automatics, ha ho na ho se sebetse hantle e nang le clutch ea centrifugal e hlophisitsoeng hantle. Ha lebelo la enjene le phahama, li-counterweights ka har'a kopano ea clutch butle-butle li pota-pota ka ntle ho feta ho fihlela li qala ho kopana le ka hare ho ntlo ea ka ntle 'me li fetisetsa palo e ntseng e eketseha ea matla a enjene le torque. "Ntlha ea ho loma" e sebetsang kapa "ntlha ea ho loma"[35] e fumanoa ka tsela e iketsang ka tekano, moo matla a fetisoang ka clutch (e ntse e thella) e lekana le seo enjene e ka fanang ka sona. Sena se lumella hore ho be le lebelo le felletseng la throttle ho tloha (ka clutch e fetotsoe e le hore enjene e be torque e phahameng) ntle le hore enjene e fokotsehe kapa e theohe, hammoho le ho qala ho phutholohile le ho tsamaisa ka lebelo le tlase ka lebelo le tlase. RPMs.
Ka 1901, Amédée Bollée e ile ea qapa mokhoa oa ho chencha likere tse sa hlokeng tšebeliso ea clutch 'me li ne li kentsoe tšebetsong ke reng e kentsoeng ka har'a lebili la setereng.[36] Koloi e 'ngoe e sebelisang tsamaiso ena e ne e le 1912 Bollee Mofuta oa F Torpedo.
Pele ho fihla phetisetso ea pele ea "hydraulic automatic transmission" e hlahisoang ka bongata (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) ka 1940, bahlahisi ba 'maloa ba Amerika ba ile ba fana ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng ho fokotsa palo ea clutch kapa ho kenya letsoho ho hlokahalang.[37] Lisebelisoa tsena li ne li reretsoe ho fokotsa bothata ba ho sebetsa unsynchronised manual transmissions, kapa "crash gearboxes", tse neng li atisa ho sebelisoa, haholo-holo ha motho a khanna ha a emisa ho qala.
Mohato oa pele oa phetisetso ea othomathiki e ne e le 1933-1935 PUO Boithati,[38][39][40][41] e neng e itsamaela ka bo eona lipakeng tsa likere tse peli tse eang pele ka mokhoa oa "forward" (kapa lipakeng tsa li-gear tse peli tse khuts'oane ka mokhoa oa "emergency low"). Ho ema ho ne ho hloka hore mokhanni a sebelise clutch pedal. Self-Shifter e hlahile ka lekhetlo la pele ka Mots'eanong 1933 mme ea fanoa joalo ka maemo ho Royale hape e le khetho ho Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Ka 1937, tse 'nè-speed Oldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission e ile ea hlahisoa ho Oldsmobile Six le mefuta e robeli ea Oldsmobile.[38] E ne e sebelisa gearset ea polanete e nang le clutch pedal bakeng sa ho qala ho ema le ho fetola pakeng tsa "tlase" le "holimo".[43][44][45] Phetisetso ea Ts'ireletso ea Automatic e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke Hydra-Matic e ikemetseng ka botlalo bakeng sa selemo sa mohlala sa 1940.[46][47]
Lilemong tsa 1938-1939 Buick Special e ne e fumaneha ka phetisetso e 'ngoe ea Self-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic,[48][49][50] e neng e sebelisa clutch ea letsoho bakeng sa ho qala ho tloha e eme le clutch e ikemetseng bakeng sa liphetoho tsa lisebelisoa.
Ka 1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic phetisetso e ne e le phetiso ea lebelo la lipehelo tse peli e nang le yuniti ea bohlokoa ea underdrive, clutch ea setso ea matsoho, le mokelikeli o kopanyang enjene le clutch.[51][52][53] Phetiso ea lebelo le habeli e ne e e-na le "phahameng" le "tlase", 'me clutch e ne e sebelisoa ha mokhanni a batla ho chencha lipakeng tsa marang-rang. Bakeng sa ho khanna ka tloaelo, mokhanni o ne a tla tobetsa clutch, a khethe High range, ebe o lokolla clutch. Hang ha accelerator e hatelloa, ho kopana ha metsi ho ne ho tla kopanela 'me koloi e tla qala ho ea pele,' me mochine oa underdrive o sebetsane le ho fana ka tekanyo e tlaase ea gear. Ha a le pakeng tsa 15–20 mph (24–32 km/h), mokhanni o ne a tla phahamisa accelerator ebe unit ea underdrive e tla itokolla. The Vacamatic e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke e tšoanang M6 Presto-Matic phetiso bakeng sa selemo sa mohlala sa 1946.
Meralo e tšoanang e ile ea sebelisoa bakeng sa 1941-1950 Hudson Drive-Monghali[54][55] le tse mpe tsa 1942 Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Tsena ka bobeli li kopane le lebelo la 3 phetiso ea letsoho e fetohang ka boiketsetso lipakeng tsa 2nd le 3rd gears, ho fapana le "underdrive" ea Vacamatic.
Packard Electro-Matic, e hlahisitsoeng ka 1941 Packard Clipper le Packard 180, e ne e le phetiso ea pele e se nang clutchless e neng e sebelisa clutch ea setso ea likhohlano e nang le ts'ebetso ea othomathiki ea vacuum, e neng e laoloa ke boemo ba accelerator.
The lihlahisoa tsa likoloi Manumatic system, e fumanehang ka 1953 Ford Anglia 100E, e ne e le clutch ea othomathike e tsamaisoang ke vacuum e neng e sebelisoa ke switch e neng e qhomisoa neng kapa neng ha thupa ea gear e sisinyeha. Sistimi e ka laola mohala oa throttle (ho boloka enjene ho RPM e hlokahalang bakeng sa phetoho ea gear) le ho fetola sekhahla sa ho kenella ha clutch.[58] Sistimi e latellanang ea Newtondrive, e fumanehang ho Ford Anglia ea 1957-1958, le eona e ne e na le tokisetso bakeng sa khama taolo. Sehlahisoa se tšoanang e ne e le Sejeremane Saxomat othomathiki clutch system, e ileng ea hlahisoa bohareng ba bo-1950 mme e fumaneha likoloing tse fapaneng tsa Europe.[59]
The Citroën DS, e hlahisitsoeng ka 1955, e sebelisitse a tsamaiso ea hydraulic e nang le selaoli sa lebelo se tsamaisoang ke haeteroliki le sesebelisoa sa ho phahamisa lebelo le sa sebetseng ho khetha likere le ho sebelisa clutch e tloaelehileng. Sena se ile sa lumella ho fetoha ha clutchless le e le 'ngoe khethang ho tsona, mokhanni ka nako e le 'ngoe a phahamisa accelerator ho fetola lisebelisoa. Sistimi ena e ne e bitsoa "Citro-Matic" naheng ea Amerika
Bakeng sa selemo sa mohlala sa 1962, Likoloi tsa Amerika e hlahisitse E-Stick, e ileng ea felisa clutch pedal ho Rambler oa Amerika e nang le li-transmission tse tloaelehileng tsa lebelo la mararo.[60] Clutch ena e ikemetseng e sebelisitse khatello ea oli ea enjene e le mohloli oa haeteroliki 'me e ne e fumaneha ka tlase ho $60.[61] Ha ho bapisoa le li-transmission tsa nako eo, E-Stick e ne e fana ka moruo oa mafura oa lithupa, ka vacuum le li-switches tsa motlakase tse laolang clutch. E-Stick phetiso ea lebelo la boraro e ne e fanoa ka e kholoanyane Rambler Classic mehlala, hammoho le yuniti ea ho khanna ho feta tekano.[62] Sistimi ena e ne e fumaneha feela ka lienjineri tse 6-cylinder, mme ho haella ha clutch ho ne ho sa ratehe, kahoo e ile ea emisoa kamora 1964.[63]
Ka 1967 Volkswagen WSK (Phetiso ea clutch ea converter; Senyesemane: Torque converter shift/clutch gearbox), e sebelisoang ho Beetle, Mofuta oa 3 le Karmann Ghia, e ne e le e 'ngoe ea li-gearbox tsa pele tsa mofuta oa eona, tse nang le clutch ea mochini o ikemetseng le converter ea torque. E ne e boetse e tsejoa e le Autostick. Shifting e ne e etsoa ka letsoho ke mokhanni. The automatic mechanical clutch e ile ea lumella koloi hore e potlake ho tloha moo e emang teng, athe torque converter eona e ne e khona ho etsa joalo ka gear efe kapa efe. Ho thothomela ha enjine le ho fana ka katoloso ea torque, e ne e sebetsa joalo ka "lebokose la li-gearbox", ka hona, lebokose la li-gearbox tsa 'nete le hloka feela likere tse tharo tse eang pele (ke ka lebaka lena li-transmission tse tloaelehileng tse nang le li-converter tsa torque hangata li nang le likere tse fokolang ho feta phetisetso ea letsoho). WSK e ne e se na lisebelisoa tsa "pele"; ho e-na le hoo, gear ea pele e ile ea fetoloa gear e khutlelang morao, 'me ea bobeli e ngotsoe pele ('me ea boraro le ea bone ka ho latellana e ngotsoe ea bobeli le ea boraro).[64]
The Chevrolet Torque-Drive phetiso, e hlahisitsoeng ka 1968 Chevrolet Nova le Camaro, ke e 'ngoe ea mehlala e seng mekae moo phetiso ea semi-automatic e neng e thehiloe holim'a phetiso e tloaelehileng ea haeteroliki (ho e-na le phetiso e tloaelehileng ea matsoho). Torque-Drive ha e le hantle e ne e le lebelo la 2 Powerglide phetiso ea othomathiki ntle le vacuum modulator, e hlokang hore mokhanni a fetole likere pakeng tsa "Low" le "High". Letšoao la quadrant likoloing tsa Torque-Drive e ne e le "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Mokhanni o ne a tla qala koloi ka "1st," ebe o tsamaisa leqhubu ho "Hi" ha a lakatsa. Torque-Drive e ile ea khaotsoa qetellong ea 1971 'me ea nkeloa sebaka ke phetisetso ea hydraulic automatic transmission. Mehlala e meng ea li-transmission tsa semi-automatic tse thehiloeng ho li-automatics tsa hydraulic e ne e le Ford 3-speed Semi-Automatic Transmission e sebelisitsoeng ka 1970-1971. Ford Maverick, liphetolelo tsa pele tsa Honda's 1972-1988 Hondamatic 2-speed le 3-speed transmissions, le the Daihatsu Phetiso ea Diamatic 2-speed e sebelisitsoeng ho 1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.