Rwanda
A igice cyikora ni a kwihuta kwinshi aho igice cyacyo kiri mu buryo bwikora (mubisanzwe ibikorwa bya clutch), ariko umushoferi yinjiza aracyasabwa gutangiza ikinyabiziga kuva ahagarara no guhindura intoki. Semi-automatic yoherejwe hafi ya yose yakoreshejwe muri moto kandi ishingiye kubisanzwe intoki cyangwa uburyo bukurikiranye bwohereza intoki, ariko ukoreshe sisitemu ya clutch yikora. Ariko ibice bimwe byikora byikora nabyo byashingiye kuri hydraulic isanzwe itumanaho ryikora hamwe na torque na ibikoresho byo mu mubumbe.
Amazina yubwoko bwihariye bwohereza igice kirimo imfashanyigisho,auto-manual,imfashanyigisho,na paddle-shift imiyoboro.[8][9][10] Izi sisitemu zorohereza ibikoresho bya shoferi mugukoresha sisitemu ya clutch mu buryo bwikora, mubisanzwe binyuze Guhindura Bitera an Umukoresha cyangwa servo, mugihe ugisaba umushoferi guhinduranya intoki. Ibi bitandukanye na a preselector gearbox, aho umushoferi akoresha clutch agahitamo igipimo cyibikoresho gikurikiraho, ariko guhindura ibikoresho mubitumanaho bikorwa byikora.
Ikoreshwa rya mbere ryikwirakwizwa ryikora ryabaye mumodoka, ryiyongera mubyamamare hagati ya 1930 mugihe ryatangwaga nabakora amamodoka menshi yo muri Amerika. Ntibisanzwe ugereranije na hydraulic gakondo yohereza ibyuma byikora, icyuma cyikora-cyuma cyanone cyatanzwe kuboneka kumodoka zitandukanye za moto na moto kandi byagumye mubikorwa mu kinyejana cya 21. Semi-automatic yoherejwe hamwe na paddle shift ibikorwa byakoreshejwe muburyo butandukanye amarushanwa yo kwiruka, kandi yatangijwe bwa mbere kugirango agenzure uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibikoresho bya electro-hydraulic ibikoresho bya Ferrari 640 Imodoka ya mbere muri 1989. Ubu sisitemu ikoreshwa mubyiciro bitandukanye byo mu rwego rwo hejuru rwo gusiganwa ku magare; harimo Inzira ya mbere, IndyCar, na kuzenguruka imodoka. Ibindi bikorwa birimo moto, amakamyo, bisi, na ibinyabiziga bya gari ya moshi.
Semi-automatike yorohereza byoroshye ibikoresho mugukuraho icyifuzo cyo guca intege pedal cyangwa lever mugihe kimwe no guhindura ibikoresho. Imodoka nyinshi zifite itumanaho ryikora ntizishyirwaho pedal isanzwe ya clutch kuva clutch igenzurwa kure. Mu buryo busa nabwo, amapikipiki menshi afite icya kabiri cyikora ntabwo yashyizwe hamwe na lever isanzwe isanzwe kuri Umurongo.
Ibyinshi byikora byikora bishingiye kubisanzwe byandikirwa intoki. Birashobora kuba igice cyogukwirakwiza. Iyo clutch imaze guhinduka, ihererekanyabubasha ryikora. Nyamara, sisitemu iracyasaba guhitamo ibikoresho byintoki na shoferi. Ubu bwoko bwo kohereza bwitwa a imfashanyigisho cyangwa an imfashanyigisho.
Byinshi mu byuma byikora mu modoka zishaje zitwara abagenzi bigumana uburyo busanzwe bwa H-buryo bwo guhinduranya intoki; kimwe na kimwe cya kabiri cyogukwirakwiza kuri moto zishaje zigumana lever isanzwe yo guhinduranya ibirenge, nko kuri moto ifite intoki zuzuye. Nyamara, sisitemu ya-automatike muri moto nshya, amamodoka yo kwiruka, nubundi bwoko bwimodoka akenshi ikoresha uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho nkibikoresho byo guhinduranya hafi ya diregisiyo cyangwa imbarutso hafi ya imikandara.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwikora kubikorwa bya clutch byakoreshejwe mumyaka, kuva hydraulic, pneumatic, na amashanyarazi i ikoreshwa na vacuum,[18] amashanyarazi, ndetse ndetse ibice bya centrifugal. Amazi meza . ubusa.
Igishushanyo gisanzwe cyogukwirakwiza gishobora gukora ukoresheje Ibyuma byerekana ingoro cyangwa microc kugirango umenye icyerekezo cya shift isabwa mugihe ibikoresho byifashishijwe. Ibyuma bisohora ibyasohotse, byahujwe nibisohoka bivuye kuri sensor ihujwe na garebox ipima umuvuduko n'ibikoresho byayo, igaburirwa muri a ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ihererekanyabubasha, ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ishami rishinzwe kugenzura moteri, cyangwa microprocessor,[19][20] cyangwa ubundi bwoko bwa sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikoresho. Sisitemu yo kugenzura noneho igena igihe cyiza na torque isabwa kugirango uhuze neza.
Igice cya elegitoroniki igenzura imbaraga, ikora kandi igahagarika clutch muburyo bworoshye. Rimwe na rimwe, clutch ikoreshwa na a umukoresha ihujwe n'ibikoresho byateganijwe kuri a umurongo ugaragara, ibyo, ukoresheje a amashanyarazi ya hydraulic byuzuye amazi ya hydraulic Kuva i sisitemu yo gufata feri, ihagarika clutch. Mubindi bihe, icyuma cyimbere gishobora kuba amashanyarazi rwose, aho icyuma gikuru gikoreshwa na an moteri y'amashanyarazi cyangwa solenoid, cyangwa na pneumatike, aho ibikorwa nyamukuru bifata ni a pneumatic actuator itesha umurongo.
Sisitemu yintoki idafite sisitemu, yitwa Autostick, yari igice-cyuma cyohereza cyatangijwe na Volkswagen y'umwaka w'icyitegererezo wa 1968. Yashizwe ku isoko nka Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, uburyo busanzwe bwihuta bwintoki eshatu bwahujwe na sisitemu ya vacuum ikoreshwa na sisitemu. Hejuru yinkoni ya gare yagenewe kugabanya no gukora amashanyarazi, ni ukuvuga iyo akozwe mukuboko kwumushoferi. Iyo ukanze, switch yakoraga 12-volt solenoid, nayo ikaba ikora vacuum clutch actuator, bityo igahagarika clutch ikemerera guhinduranya hagati yibikoresho. Ukoresheje ukuboko kwumushoferi gukuwe kuri gearshift, clutch yakongera kwishora mu buryo bwikora. Ihererekanyabubasha kandi ryashyizwemo moteri ihinduranya, ituma imodoka idakora mu bikoresho nko mu buryo bwikora, kimwe no guhagarara no gutangira guhagarara mu bikoresho byose.[21][22][23]
Guhera mu mpera za 90, abakora amamodoka berekanye icyo bita an gukoresha mu buryo bwikora (AMT), isa na mashini, kandi ifite imizi muri, sisitemu yohereza intoki mbere. AMT ikora muburyo bumwe bwakera igice-cyikora kandi kidahuza intoki, ariko hamwe na bibiri bidasanzwe; ishoboye gukora byombi guhuza no guhinduranya byikora, kandi ntabwo ikoresha ihinduka rya torque. Kwimura bikorwa haba mu buryo bwikora kuva a ishami rishinzwe kugenzura . AMTs ihuza ingufu za lisansi yohereza intoki hamwe no guhinduranya byoroshye kohereza byikora. Ikibazo gikomeye bafite ni ihindagurika ridahinduka bitewe nubukanishi bwahagaritswe na TCU, bigaragara ko ari "jolting".[bikenewe] Bamwe mubakora itumanaho bagerageje gukemura iki kibazo bakoresheje impeta nini ya syncronizer kandi ntibafungure neza mugihe cyo guhinduranya-bikora mubitekerezo, ariko guhera 2007, nta modoka nimwe zikurikirana zikora imirimo nkiyi.[ikeneye kuvugururwa] Mu modoka zitwara abagenzi, AMT igezweho muri rusange ifite umuvuduko utandatu (nubwo bamwe bafite barindwi) hamwe nibikoresho birebire. Hamwe na porogaramu ihinduranya ubwenge, ibi birashobora kugabanya cyane gukoresha lisansi. Muri rusange, hari ubwoko bubiri bwa AMT: AMT ihuriweho hamwe no kongeramo AMT. AMT ihuriweho hamwe yagenewe kuba AMT yihariye, mugihe iyongeweho kuri AMT ni uguhindura intoki zisanzwe muri AMT.[bikenewe]
Ihererekanyabubasha ryikora rishobora gushiramo uburyo bwikora bwuzuye aho umushoferi adakeneye guhindura ibikoresho na gato.[24] Ihererekanyabubasha rishobora gusobanurwa nkikwirakwizwa ryintoki zisanzwe hamwe na clavat yikora kandi igenzura ibyuma byikora, bikabemerera gukora muburyo bumwe nogukwirakwiza bisanzwe. TCU ihita ihindura ibikoresho niba, kurugero, moteri ni gutukura. AMT irashobora guhindurwa muburyo bwintoki zidafite aho umuntu ashobora kuzamura cyangwa kumanuka akoresheje a konsole-yashizwe kumurongo uhitamo cyangwa uhindura paddle.[25] Ifite igiciro gito ugereranije nohereza bisanzwe.[26]
Gukoresha intoki zikoresha (amazina yubucuruzi arimo SMG-III) ntagomba kwitiranywa na "manumatic" yohereza byikora (bigurishwa munsi yizina ryubucuruzi nka Tiptronic, Intambwe, Imikino, na Geartronic). Mugihe ubwo buryo busa nkaho busa, manumatike ikoresha torque ihinduranya nka transmit yikora, aho kuba clutch ikoreshwa mugukoresha intoki. Igitabo cyikora gishobora guha umushoferi kugenzura neza guhitamo ibikoresho, mugihe manumatike ihakana icyifuzo cyo guhindura ibikoresho byavamo moteri ihagarara (kuva kuri bake cyane) RPM) cyangwa birenze urugero. [24] Uburyo bwikora bwokoresha intoki zikoresha mugihe gito cyangwa kenshi guhagarika umuvuduko wo gutangira nticyoroshye cyane kuruta icya manumatike nibindi byohereza byikora.
Amashanyarazi menshi yimashini ikoreshwa na moto hamwe nimodoka yo gusiganwa mubyukuri bishingiye kubukanishi intoki zikurikirana. Amapikipiki ya Semi-automatic yoherejwe muri rusange asiba icyuma gifata, ariko akagumana ibisanzwe bisanzwe bigatsinsino.
Amapikipiki ya Semi-automatic yoherejwe ashingiye kubisanzwe bikurikirana bikoreshwa kandi mubisanzwe ukoresha a centrifugal clutch.[34] Ku muvuduko udafite akamaro, moteri yaciwe kuva muri garebox yinjiza, yemerera byombi na gare kuri freewheel, bitandukanye na torque ihindura ibyuma, nta ubusa hamwe na centrifugal yahinduwe neza. Mugihe umuvuduko wa moteri uzamutse, uburemere buke mu nteko ya clutch igenda buhoro buhoro igana hanze kugeza igihe batangiriye kuvugana imbere mumazu yo hanze no kohereza imbaraga za moteri na moteri. Ingirakamaro "kuruma" cyangwa "kuruma"[35] iboneka mu buryo bwikora na equilibrium, aho imbaraga zoherezwa binyuze mumashanyarazi (aracyanyerera) ahwanye nibyo moteri ishobora gutanga. Ibi birashobora kwihuta cyane byuzuye guhaguruka (hamwe na clutch yahinduwe kugirango moteri iba kuri peque torque) nta moteri itinda cyangwa ngo igabanuke, kimwe no gutangira kuruhuka no gutangira umuvuduko muke kuri trottle yo hasi kandi RPM.
Mu 1901, Amédée Bollée yateje imbere uburyo bwo guhinduranya ibikoresho bidasaba gukoresha clutch kandi byakoreshwaga nimpeta yashyizwe mumuziga.[36] Imodoka imwe ikoresha sisitemu ni 1912 Bollee Andika F Torpedo.
Mbere yo kuhagera kwa mbere byakozwe na hydraulic byikora byikora (the Moteri rusange Hydra-Matic) mu 1940, abanyenganda benshi b'Abanyamerika batanze ibikoresho bitandukanye kugirango bagabanye ingano ya clutch cyangwa guhinduranya ibisabwa.[37] Ibi bikoresho byari bigamije kugabanya ingorane zo gukora the intoki zidahuye, cyangwa "impanuka ya garebox", zakoreshwaga cyane cyane muguhagarika-gutangira gutwara.
Intambwe yambere iganisha ku buryo bwikora ni 1933–1935 URURIMI Kwiyubaka,[38][39][40][41] ihita ihinduranya hagati yibikoresho bibiri byimbere muburyo bwa "imbere" (cyangwa hagati y'ibikoresho bibiri bigufi byerekana muburyo bwihutirwa "). Guhagarara gutangira bisaba umushoferi gukoresha clutch pedal. Self-Shifter yagaragaye bwa mbere muri Gicurasi 1933 kandi itangwa nkibisanzwe kuri Royale no guhitamo kuri Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Muri 1937, umuvuduko wa kane Oldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission yatangijwe kuri Oldsmobile Itandatu na Oldsmobile umunani.[38] Yakoresheje igikoresho cyumubumbe hamwe na pedal ya clutch yo gutangirira ahagarara no guhinduranya hagati ya "hasi" na "hejuru".[43][44][45] Automatic Safety Transmission yasimbuwe na Hydra-Matic yuzuye-yumwaka w'icyitegererezo wa 1940.[46][47]
1938–1939 Buick idasanzwe yari ihari hamwe nindi Self-Shifter 4-yihuta igice cyikora,[48][49][50] yakoresheje intoki yintoki kugirango itangire ihagarare hamwe na clomatike yikora kugirango ihindure ibikoresho.
1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic ihererekanyabubasha ryari intoki ebyiri zihererekanyabubasha hamwe nimbaraga zidasanzwe, igice cyamaboko gakondo, hamwe namazi ahuza moteri na clutch.[51][52][53] Imiyoboro yihuta ibiri yari ifite "hejuru" na "hasi", kandi clutch yakoreshejwe mugihe umushoferi yashakaga guhinduranya hagati. Kubinyabiziga bisanzwe, umushoferi yakanda kuri clutch, agahitamo intera ndende, hanyuma akarekura clutch. Umuvuduko umaze gukanda, guhuza amazi byinjira hanyuma imodoka igatangira kugenda imbere, hamwe na underdrive ishishikajwe no gutanga igipimo cyo hasi. Hagati ya 15–20 mph (24-32 km / h), umushoferi yazamuraga umuvuduko ukabije hanyuma igice cyo munsi kigahagarara. Vacamatic yasimbujwe ibisa nayo M6 Presto-Matic kwanduza umwaka w'icyitegererezo 1946.
Ibishushanyo nkibi byakoreshejwe muri 1941–1950 Hudson Drive-Master[54][55] n'abagizi ba nabi 1942 Lincoln Amazi.[56][57] Byombi byahujije 3-umuvuduko ihererekanyabubasha hamwe no guhinduranya byikora hagati yicyuma cya 2 nicya 3, aho kuba "underdrive" ya Vacamatic.
Packard Electro-Matic, yatangijwe mu 1941 Amashanyarazi na Packard 180, yari intoki ya kare idafite intoki yakoreshaga imashini isanzwe yo guterana hamwe nigikorwa cya vacuum cyikora, cyagenzurwaga numwanya wihuta.
Uwiteka ibicuruzwa byimodoka sisitemu ya manumatike, iboneka kuri 1953 Ford Anglia 100E, yari sisitemu ya vacuum ikoreshwa na vacuum ikoreshwa na switch yahinduwe igihe cyose inkoni yimashini yimuwe. Sisitemu irashobora kugenzura umugozi wa trottle (kugirango moteri igume kuri RPM isabwa kugirango ihindurwe ibikoresho) kandi ihindure igipimo cyo guhuza ibikorwa.[58] Sisitemu ikurikirana ya Newtondrive, iboneka kuri 1957–1958 Ford Anglia, nayo yari ifite gahunda kuniga kugenzura. Igicuruzwa gisa nacyo cyari Ikidage Saxomat sisitemu ya clutch sisitemu, yatangijwe hagati ya 1950 kandi iboneka kumodoka zitandukanye zi Burayi.[59]
Uwiteka Citroën DS, yatangijwe mu 1955, yakoresheje a sisitemu ya hydraulic hamwe na hydraulically-yihuta yihuta kandi igenzura umuvuduko udafite imbaraga kugirango uhitemo ibikoresho kandi ukore ubundi buryo busanzwe. Ibi byemereye guhinduranya hamwe na kimwe inkingi-yashizwemo uwatoranije, mugihe umushoferi icyarimwe yazamuye umuvuduko kugirango ahindure ibikoresho. Sisitemu yitwaga "Citro-Matic" muri Amerika
Umwaka w'icyitegererezo wa 1962, Moteri y'Abanyamerika yatangije E-Stick, yakuyeho pedal pedal muri Rambler Umunyamerika hamwe nibisanzwe byihuta byintoki.[60] Iyi clomatike yikora yakoresheje amavuta ya moteri nkisoko ya hydraulic kandi yaboneka munsi y $ 60.[61] Ugereranije no kohereza byimazeyo icyo gihe, E-Stick yatanze ubukungu bwa lisansi yo guhinduranya inkoni, hamwe na vacuum na amashanyarazi bigenzura clutch. E-Stick yoherejwe yihuta eshatu yatanzwe kuri nini Rambler icyitegererezo, hamwe nigice kirenze urugero.[62] Sisitemu yaboneka gusa hamwe na moteri 6-silinderi, kandi kubura clutch byagaragaye ko idakunzwe, nuko ihagarikwa nyuma ya 1964.[63]
1967 Volkswagen WSK (Guhindura imiyoboro; Icyongereza: Torque ihinduranya shift / clutch gearbox), Byakoreshejwe muri Inyenzi, Andika 3 na Karmann Ghia, yari imwe mu masanduku ya mbere ya gearbox yubwoko bwayo, hamwe na mashini yimashini ikora kandi ihinduranya umuriro. Byari bizwi kandi nka Autostick. Kwimura byakozwe nintoki numushoferi. Imashini ikoresha imashini yemerera imodoka kwihuta kuva ahagarara, mugihe ihinduka rya torque ryashoboje kubikora mubikoresho byose. Kugabanya ibinyeganyega bya moteri no gutanga kugwiza umuriro, byakoraga nkuburyo bwa "kugabanya garebox", bityo garebox ya mashini isanzwe ikenera ibyuma bitatu byimbere gusa (niyo mpamvu itumanaho risanzwe ryikora hamwe na moteri ya torque mubisanzwe rifite ibyuma bike ugereranije no kohereza intoki). WSK nta bikoresho "byambere"; Ahubwo, ibikoresho bya mbere byahinduwe mubikoresho byinyuma, naho ibikoresho bya kabiri byashyizweho ikimenyetso cya mbere (hamwe nicyuma cya gatatu nicya kane byanditseho icya kabiri nicyagatatu).[64]
Uwiteka Chevrolet Torque-Drive kwanduza, byatangijwe ku 1968 Chevrolet Nova na Kamaro, ni rumwe mu ngero nkeya aho itumanaho ryikora ryari rishingiye ku buryo busanzwe bwoherejwe na hydraulic (aho kuba intoki zisanzwe). Torque-Drive yari mubyukuri 2-yihuta Amashanyarazi itumanaho ryikora ridafite moderi ya vacuum, bisaba umushoferi guhinduranya intoki hagati ya "Hasi" na "Hejuru". Ikimenyetso cya kane ku modoka za Torque-Drive cyari "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Umushoferi yatangiraga imodoka muri "1", hanyuma akimura leveri kuri "Muraho" mugihe ubishaka. Torque-Drive yahagaritswe mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1971 isimburwa no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya hydraulic gakondo. Izindi ngero zohereza igice cya-automatique zishingiye kuri hydraulic automatique ni Ford 3 yihuta ya Semi-Automatic Transmission yakoreshejwe muri 1970–1971 Ford Maverick, verisiyo yambere ya Honda ya 1972–1988 Hondamatic 2-yihuta na 3-yihuta yoherejwe, na Daihatsu Diamatic 2 yihuta ikoreshwa muri 1985–1991 Daihatsu Charade.