Chinorwe
A kufala kwa semi-automatic ndi a kufala kwa ma liwiro angapo kumene gawo la ntchito yake lili zokha (kawirikawiri ntchito ya clutch), koma kulowetsa kwa dalaivala kumafunikabe kuti muyimitse galimotoyo ndikuyimitsa pamanja ndikusintha magiya. Kutumiza kwa semi-automatic kunali pafupifupi kugwiritsidwa ntchito panjinga zamoto ndipo kumatengera wamba kutumiza pamanja kapena ma sequential manual transmissions, koma gwiritsani ntchito ma clutch system. Koma ma semi-automatic transmissions amatengeranso ma hydraulic wamba zodziwikiratu ndi ma torque converters ndi zida za mapulaneti.
Mayina amtundu wina wa ma semi-automatic transmissions akuphatikizapo clutchless manual,auto-manual,auto clutch manual,ndi paddle-shift kutumiza.[8][9][10] Machitidwewa amathandizira kusintha kwa zida kwa dalaivala pogwiritsa ntchito makina a clutch okha, nthawi zambiri kudzera masiwichi zomwe zimayambitsa woyambitsa kapena servo, pomwe amafuna kuti dalaivala asinthe magiya pamanja. Izi zimasiyana ndi a preselector gearbox, imene dalaivala ntchito zowalamulira ndi kusankha lotsatira zida chiŵerengero, koma kusintha zida mkati kufala ikuchitika basi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa ma semi-automatic transmissions kunali m'galimoto, kuchulukirachulukira kutchuka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1930 pomwe adaperekedwa ndi opanga magalimoto angapo aku America. Zocheperako poyerekeza ndi ma hydraulic automatic transmissions, ma semi-automatic transmissions apezeka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagalimoto ndi njinga zamoto ndipo akhala akupangidwa mzaka zonse za 21st. Ma semi-automatic transmission okhala ndi paddle shift shift akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana magalimoto othamanga, ndipo adayambitsidwa koyamba kuti aziwongolera kachitidwe ka electro-hydraulic gear shift the Ferrari 640 Formula One galimoto mu 1989. Machitidwewa pakali pano akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu osiyanasiyana a magalimoto othamanga; kuphatikizapo Formula One, IndyCar, ndi kuyendera mpikisano wamagalimoto. Ntchito zina ndi monga njinga zamoto, magalimoto, mabasi, ndi magalimoto anjanji.
Semi-automatics amathandizira mosavuta kusintha zida pochotsa kufunikira kovutitsa chopondapo chowongolera kapena chowongolera nthawi yomweyo kusintha magiya. Magalimoto ambiri omwe ali ndi semi-automatic transmission sakhala ndi chopondapo chokhazikika chifukwa clutch imayendetsedwa kutali. Momwemonso, njinga zamoto zambiri zokhala ndi semi-automatic transmission sizimalumikizidwa ndi lever wamba pa chogwirizira.
Ambiri theka-zodziwikiratu HIV ndi zochokera ochiritsira Buku HIV. Atha kukhala opatsirana pang'ono. Clutch ikangodzipanga yokha, kutumizira kumakhala kodziwikiratu. Komabe, machitidwewa amafunikirabe kusankha zida zamanja ndi dalaivala. Kupatsirana kwamtunduwu kumatchedwa a clutchless manual kapena a automated manual.
Ambiri theka-zodziwikiratu kufala mu magalimoto akale onyamula kusunga yachibadwa H-chitsanzo shifter wa kufala Buku; mofananamo, kufala theka-zodziwikiratu pa njinga zamoto akale kusunga ochiritsira phazi-kusintha lever, monga pa njinga yamoto ndi kufala kwathunthu Buku. Komabe, makina a semi-automatics mu njinga zamoto zatsopano, magalimoto othamanga, ndi mitundu ina yamagalimoto nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosankhira zida monga ma paddles pafupi ndi chiwongolero kapena zoyambitsa pafupi ndi zogwirira ntchito.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Mitundu ingapo yama automation ya clutch actuation yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, kuyambira hydraulic, pneumatic, ndi electromechanical gwira ku ntchito vacuum,[18] electromagnetic, komanso ngakhale zingwe za centrifugal. Kulumikizana kwamadzi (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yomwe kale idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa makina opangira ma automatic transmissions) akhala akugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi opanga osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mtundu wina wa makina ogundana ndi makina, kuteteza galimoto kuti isayime ikayima kapena opanda ntchito.
Mapangidwe a semi-automatic transmission amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito Masensa a Hall effect kapena zosintha zazing'ono kuti azindikire komwe akusunthira komwe akufunsidwa pamene ndodo ya gear ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira za masensa awa, kuphatikiza ndi zotuluka kuchokera ku sensa yolumikizidwa ndi gearbox yomwe imayesa liwiro lake komanso zida zake, imadyetsedwa mu a transmission control unit, Electronic control unit, injini control unit, kapena microprocessor,[19][20] kapena mtundu wina wamagetsi owongolera. Dongosolo lowongolerali limatsimikizira nthawi yoyenera komanso ma torque omwe amafunikira kuti agwirizane bwino ndi clutch.
Chigawo chowongolera zamagetsi chimapereka mphamvu kwa actuator, yomwe imagwira ndikuchotsa clutch mosalala. Nthawi zina, clutch imayendetsedwa ndi a servomotor kuphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo la zida za a mzere actuator, amene, kudzera a hydraulic silinda odzazidwa ndi hydraulic fluid kuchokera ku ma braking system, amachotsa clutch. Nthawi zina, clutch actuator yamkati imatha kukhala yamagetsi kwathunthu, pomwe cholumikizira chachikulu chimayendetsedwa ndi galimoto yamagetsi kapena solenoid, kapena pneumatic, pomwe cholumikizira chachikulu cha clutch ndi pneumatic actuator zomwe zimachotsa clutch.
A clutchless manual system, yotchedwa the Autostick, inali semi-automatic transmission yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi Volkswagen kwa chaka chachitsanzo cha 1968. Amagulitsidwa ngati Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, makina ochiritsira othamanga atatu anali olumikizidwa ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito vacuum-otomatiki. Pamwamba pa ndodo ya giya anapangidwa kuti achepetse ndi kuyatsa chosinthira chamagetsi, mwachitsanzo, akakhudza dzanja la dalaivala. Akanikizidwa, chosinthiracho chimagwira ntchito 12-volt solenoid, yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito vacuum clutch actuator, motero imachotsa clutch ndikulola kusuntha pakati pa magiya. Dzanja la dalaivala litachotsedwa pa gearshift, clutchyo imagwiranso ntchito yokha. Kutumizako kunalinso ndi chosinthira ma torque, kulola kuti galimotoyo ikhale yopanda pake pamagiya ngati yodziwikiratu, komanso kuyimitsa ndikuyamba kuyimilira mugiya iliyonse.[21][22][23]
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, opanga magalimoto adayambitsa zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa kuti zodzichitira Buku kufala (AMT), yomwe imafanana ndi makina, ndipo idayambira, machitidwe opatsirana osagwiritsa ntchito manja. AMT imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi mauthenga akale a semi-automatic ndi clutchless manual transmissions, koma kupatulapo ziwiri; imatha kugwiritsa ntchito clutch ndikusintha zokha, ndipo sichigwiritsa ntchito chosinthira makokedwe. Kusintha kumangochitika zokha kuchokera ku a transmission control unit (TCU), kapena pamanja kuchokera pa bondo losinthira kapena zopalasa zokhazikitsidwa kuseri kwa chiwongolero. Ma AMTs amaphatikiza mphamvu yamafuta pamayendedwe apamanja ndikusintha kosavuta kwapamadzi. Choyipa chawo chachikulu ndikusasunthika kosasunthika chifukwa cha makina omangira akuchotsedwa ndi TCU, omwe amawoneka ngati "jolting".[kufotokoza kofunikira] Ena opanga ma transmission ayesa kuthetsa nkhaniyi pogwiritsa ntchito mphete zazikuluzikulu za synchronizer komanso osatsegula kwathunthu clutch panthawi yosuntha-zomwe zimagwira ntchito mwachidziwitso, koma kuyambira 2007, sipanakhalepo magalimoto opangira angapo omwe ali ndi ntchito zotere.[ikufunika kusintha] M'magalimoto onyamula anthu, ma AMTs amakono nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi liwiro sikisi (ngakhale ena ali ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri) komanso giya lalitali. Kuphatikiza ndi pulogalamu yosinthira mwanzeru, izi zitha kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Mwambiri, pali mitundu iwiri ya ma AMT: ma AMT ophatikizika ndi ma AMT owonjezera. Ma AMT ophatikizika adapangidwa kuti akhale ma AMT odzipatulira, pomwe ma AMT owonjezera ndikusintha kwazomwe zimatumizidwa pamanja kukhala ma AMTs.[kufotokoza kofunikira]
Kutumiza kwamanja kwamanja kungaphatikizepo njira yodziwikiratu pomwe dalaivala safunikira kusintha magiya konse.[24] Ma transmission awa amatha kufotokozedwa ngati njira yolumikizirana yokhazikika yokhala ndi clutch yodziyimira yokha komanso makina osinthira magiya, kuwalola kuti azigwira ntchito mofanana ndi ma transmissions achikhalidwe. TCU imangosintha magiya ngati, mwachitsanzo, injini ili redlined. AMT ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala makina osagwiritsa ntchito makina momwe munthu amatha kukweza kapena kutsika pansi pogwiritsa ntchito chosankha chokwera chokwera chokwera kapena chosinthira paddle.[25] Ili ndi mtengo wotsikirapo kuposa ma transmissions ochiritsira wamba.[26]
The automated manual transmission (mayina amalonda akuphatikizapo SMG-III) sichiyenera kusokonezedwa ndi "manumatic" automatic transmission (yogulitsidwa pansi pa mayina amalonda monga Titronic, Steptronic, Sportmatic,ndi Zithunzi za Geartronic). Ngakhale makinawa amawoneka ngati ofanana, manumatic amagwiritsa ntchito chosinthira makokedwe ngati chotengera chodziwikiratu, m'malo mwa clutch yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera makina opangira. Buku lodziwikiratu limatha kupatsa dalaivala mphamvu zonse pakusankha giya, pomwe manumatic angakane pempho losintha zida zomwe zingapangitse kuti injini iyimike (kuchokera ochepa kwambiri. RPM) kapena kuyambiranso. [24] Njira zodziwikiratu za kufala kwapang'onopang'ono kapena pafupipafupi kuyimitsa koyambira kumakhala kosalala kuposa ma manumatics ndi ma transmissions ena odziwikiratu.
Ma transmission angapo a semi-automatic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njinga zamoto ndi magalimoto othamanga amakhaladi pamakina sequential manual transmissions. Kutumiza kwa njinga zamoto zodziwikiratu nthawi zambiri kumasiya cholozera cha clutch, koma sungani cholumikizira chidendene ndi chala chala.
Kutumiza kwa njinga zamoto zodziwikiratu kumatengera ma transmission wamba otsatizana ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito centrifugal clutch.[34] Pa liwiro lopanda ntchito, injini imachotsedwa pa shaft yolowetsamo gearbox, kulola zonse ziwiri ndi njinga kuti zifike. freewheel, mosiyana ndi ma torque converter automatics, palibe kusowa ntchito ndi clutch ya centrifugal yosinthidwa bwino. Liwiro la injini likamakwera, zoyeserera mkati mwa gulu la clutch zimayenda pang'onopang'ono kupita kunja mpaka zitayamba kukhudzana ndi mkati mwa nyumba yakunja ndikutumiza kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa injini ndi torque. Njira yothandiza "bite point" kapena "bite point"[35] imapezeka mwachisawawa, pomwe mphamvu imaperekedwa kudzera mu clutch (yotsalira) ndi yofanana ndi zomwe injini ingapereke. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuthamanga kwathunthu kunyamuka (ndi clutch kusinthidwa kuti injini ikhale pachimake torque) popanda injini kuchedwetsa kapena kugwedezeka, komanso kuyambitsa momasuka komanso kuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono pamayendedwe otsika komanso RPMs.
Mu 1901, Amédée Bollée adapanga njira yosinthira magiya omwe sanafune kugwiritsa ntchito clutch ndipo adayatsidwa ndi mphete yomwe idayikidwa mkati mwa chiwongolero.[36] Galimoto imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito dongosololi inali 1912 Bolee Lembani F Torpedo.
Asanabwere makina oyamba opangidwa ndi ma hydraulic automatic transmission (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) mu 1940, opanga angapo aku America adapereka zida zosiyanasiyana kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa clutch kapena kusintha kofunikira.[37] Zida izi zidapangidwa kuti zichepetse zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito ma transmissions amanja osalumikizidwa, kapena "ma gearbox a crash", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka pakuyimitsa kuyimitsa.
Gawo loyambirira lopita kumayendedwe odziyimira pawokha linali 1933-1935 CHINENERO Self-Shifter,[38][39][40][41] zomwe zimangosuntha pakati pa magiya awiri akutsogolo munjira ya "forward" (kapena pakati pa magiya afupiafupi awiri munjira ya "emergency low"). Kuyimirira kumafunikira kuti woyendetsa agwiritse ntchito clutch pedal. Self-Shifter idawonekera koyamba mu Meyi 1933 ndipo idaperekedwa ngati muyezo pa Royale komanso ngati njira pa Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Mu 1937, anayi-liwiro Oldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission idayambitsidwa pa Oldsmobile Six ndi Oldsmobile Eight zitsanzo.[38] Idagwiritsa ntchito giya la mapulaneti okhala ndi chopondapo choyambira poyimilira ndikusintha pakati pa "otsika" ndi "okwera".[43][44][45] The Automatic Safety Transmission inasinthidwa ndi Hydra-Matic yodziwikiratu yokha ya chaka cha 1940.[46][47]
Nthawi ya 1938-1939 Mtengo wa Buick Special inalipo ndi Self-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic transmission,[48][49][50] yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito clutch yamanja poyambira kuyimilira ndi cholumikizira chodzipangira chosinthira zida.
Chaka cha 1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic kufala kunali kachidutswa kakang'ono kokhala ndi ma liwiro awiri opangira ma underdrive unit, clutch yachikhalidwe, ndi kulumikizana kwamadzi pakati pa injini ndi zowakira.[51][52][53] Kutumiza kothamanga kwawiri kunali ndi "mkulu" ndi "otsika", ndipo clutch idagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene dalaivala akufuna kusinthana pakati pa magulu. Kuti muyendetse bwino, dalaivala amatha kukanikiza clutch, kusankha High range, ndiyeno kumasula clutch. Pamene accelerator ikanikizidwa, kugwirizana kwamadzimadzi kumagwirizanitsa ndipo galimotoyo imayamba kupita patsogolo, ndi gawo la underdrive lomwe limagwira ntchito kuti lipereke chiŵerengero chochepa cha gear. Pakati pa 15-20 mph (24-32 km / h), dalaivala amanyamula accelerator ndipo unit ya underdrive imasiya. The Vacamatic inasinthidwa ndi zofanana M6 Presto-Matic kufalitsa kwa chaka cha 1946.
Mapangidwe ofananawo adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1941-1950 Hudson Drive-Master[54][55] ndi zovuta za 1942 Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Onsewa anaphatikiza 3-liwiro kufala kwamanja ndi makina osinthika pakati pa 2nd ndi 3rd magiya, m'malo mwa Vacamatic's "underdrive" unit.
Packard Electro-Matic, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1941 Packard Clipper ndi Packard 180, inali njira yotumizira yoyambira yopanda manja yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira chachikhalidwe chokhala ndi opareshoni ya vacuum, yomwe inkayendetsedwa ndi malo accelerator.
The zinthu zamagalimoto manumatic system, yomwe idapezeka mu 1953 Ford Anglia 100E, inali makina ogwiritsira ntchito vacuum-powered automatic clutch system yomwe inkayendetsedwa ndi switch yomwe inkayambika nthawi iliyonse ndodo ikasunthidwa. Dongosololi limatha kuwongolera chingwe chowongolera (kusunga injini pa RPM yofunikira pakusintha magiya) ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa chinkhoswe cha clutch.[58] Njira yotsatizana ya Newtondrive, yomwe ikupezeka pa Ford Anglia ya 1957-1958, inalinso ndi dongosolo lothandizira. kutsamwitsa kulamulira. Chida chofananacho chinali cha ku Germany Saxomat automatic clutch system, yomwe idayambitsidwa pakati pa 1950s ndipo imapezeka pamagalimoto osiyanasiyana aku Europe.[59]
The Citroen DS, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu 1955, idagwiritsa ntchito a hydraulic system ndi chowongolera liwiro choyendetsedwa ndi ma hydraulically komanso chida chosagwira ntchito kuti musankhe magiya ndikugwiritsa ntchito clutch wamba. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kosasunthika ndi chimodzi chosankha chokwera pakhoma, pomwe dalaivala nthawi imodzi adakweza chowonjezera kuti asinthe zida. Dongosololi linatchedwa "Citro-Matic" ku US
Kwa chaka chachitsanzo cha 1962, American Motors adayambitsa E-Stick, yomwe idathetsa chopondapo cha clutch mu Rambler waku America ndi muyezo-liwiro atatu-liwiro Buku HIV.[60] Clutch yodziwikiratu iyi idagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamafuta a injini ngati gwero la hydraulic ndipo inalipo ndalama zosakwana $60.[61] Poyerekeza ndi ma transmissions odziwikiratu panthawiyo, E-Stick idapangitsa kuti mafuta azitha kuyenda bwino, okhala ndi vacuum ndi ma switch amagetsi omwe amawongolera chowotcha. Kutumiza kwa E-Stick katatu kunaperekedwa pa zazikulu Rambler Classic zitsanzo, pamodzi ndi unit overdrive.[62] Dongosololi linkapezeka ndi injini za 6-cylinder, ndipo kusowa kwa clutch sikunasangalale, kotero idathetsedwa pambuyo pa 1964.[63]
Chaka cha 1967 Volkswagen WSK (Kutumiza kwa Clutch Converter; Chingerezi: Torque converter shift/clutch gearbox), yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chikumbu, Mtundu 3 ndi Karmann Ghia, anali m'modzi mwama gearbox oyambilira amtundu wake, wokhala ndi cholumikizira chodziwikiratu komanso chosinthira ma torque. Ankadziwikanso kuti Autostick. Kusintha kunachitika pamanja ndi dalaivala. Chowotcha chodziwikiratu chinapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ifulumire kuchoka pamalo oyima, pomwe chosinthira ma torque chinapangitsa kuti izitha kutero mugiya iliyonse. Kugwedera kwa injini ndikuchulukitsa ma torque, kumagwira ntchito ngati "giya yochepetsera", kotero kuti bokosi la giya lamakina limangofunika magiya atatu opita patsogolo (ndicho chifukwa chake magiya wamba omwe amakhala ndi ma torque nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magiya ocheperako kuposa ma giya apamanja). WSK inalibe zida "zoyamba"; m'malo mwake, zida zoyamba zidasinthidwa kukhala zida zam'mbuyo, ndipo zida zachiwiri zidalembedwa koyamba (ndi zida zachitatu ndi zachinayi motsatana zidalembedwa zachiwiri ndi zachitatu).[64]
The Chevrolet Torque-Drive kufalikira, komwe kunayambitsidwa mu 1968 Chevrolet Nova ndi Camaro, ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zochepa pomwe kufala kwa theka-zodziwikiratu kunali kozikidwa pa ma hydraulic automatic transmission (osati kufala kwamanja). Torque-Drive kwenikweni inali 2-liwiro Powerglide zodziwikiratu kufala popanda vacuum modulator, amafuna dalaivala pamanja kusintha magiya pakati "Low" ndi "High". Chizindikiro cha quadrant pamagalimoto a Torque-Drive chinali "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Dalaivala amayatsa galimoto mu "1st," kenako ndikusunthira chowongolera kuti "Hi" akafuna. The Torque-Drive inatha kumapeto kwa 1971 ndipo m'malo ndi chikhalidwe cha hydraulic automatic transmission. Zitsanzo zina zamakina otengera ma semi-automatic transmissions otengera ma hydraulic automatics anali Ford 3-speed Semi-Automatic Transmission yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1970-1971. Ford Maverick, Mabaibulo oyambirira a Honda a 1972-1988 Hondamatic 2-liwiro ndi 3-liwiro kutumiza, ndi Daihatsu Kutumiza kwa Diamatic 2-speed yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.