hausa
A Semi-atomatik watsa ni a watsawar sauri da yawa inda wani bangare na aikinsa yake mai sarrafa kansa (yawanci actuation na clutch), amma har yanzu ana buƙatar shigar da direba don ƙaddamar da abin hawa daga tsayawa da kuma canza kayan aiki da hannu. An kusan yin amfani da watsawa ta Semi-atomatik a cikin babura kuma an dogara ne akan na al'ada watsawa da hannu ko watsa shirye-shirye na hannu, amma yi amfani da tsarin kama ta atomatik. Amma wasu watsa shirye-shiryen Semi-atomatik suma sun dogara ne akan ingantattun na'urorin lantarki watsawa ta atomatik tare da karfin juyi converters kuma planetary gearsets.
Sunaye na takamaiman nau'ikan watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik sun haɗa da manualless clutchless,auto-manual,auto-clutch manual,kuma paddle-shift watsawa.[8][9][10] Waɗannan tsarin suna sauƙaƙe sauye-sauyen kaya don direba ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin kama ta atomatik, yawanci ta hanyar masu sauyawa wanda ke jawo wani mai kunnawa ko servo, yayin da har yanzu yana buƙatar direba ya canza kayan aiki da hannu. Wannan ya bambanta da a preselector gearbox, wanda direban ke aiki da kama kuma ya zaɓi rabon gear na gaba, amma canjin gear a cikin watsa ana yin ta atomatik.
Amfani na farko na watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik yana cikin motoci, yana ƙaruwa cikin shahara a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 lokacin da masana'antun motocin Amurka da yawa suka ba su. Kasa da na yau da kullun fiye da watsawa ta atomatik na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa na gargajiya, watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik duk da haka an samar da su akan nau'ikan motoci da babura daban-daban kuma sun kasance cikin samarwa cikin ƙarni na 21st. An yi amfani da watsa Semi-atomatik tare da aikin motsi na filafili a cikin daban-daban motocin tsere, kuma an fara gabatar da su don sarrafa injin motsi na kayan lantarki na lantarki Farashin 640 Motar Formula One a cikin 1989. A halin yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan tsarin akan nau'ikan azuzuwan tseren mota iri-iri; ciki har da Formula Daya, IndyCar, da yawon shakatawa na mota. Sauran aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da babura, manyan motoci, bas, da motocin jirgin kasa.
Semi-atomatik sauƙaƙa sauƙi kayan motsi ta hanyar cire buƙatar murƙushe ƙafar clutch ko lever a lokaci guda tare da canza kayan aiki. Yawancin motocin da ke da na'urar watsawa ta atomatik ba a sanya su da madaidaicin feda mai kama tunda ana sarrafa kama daga nesa. Hakazalika, yawancin baburan da ke da watsawa ta atomatik ba a sanye su da lever na yau da kullun akan mashin ɗin. handbar.
Yawancin watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik suna dogara ne akan watsawar hannu ta al'ada. Ana iya watsa su ta atomatik ta wani yanki. Da zarar kamanni ya zama mai sarrafa kansa, watsawa ya zama Semi-atomatik. Koyaya, waɗannan tsarin har yanzu suna buƙatar zaɓin kayan aikin da direban. Ana kiran irin wannan nau'in watsawa a manualless clutchless ko kuma wani mai sarrafa kansa.
Yawancin watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik a cikin tsofaffin motocin fasinja suna riƙe da na yau da kullun na tsarin H na watsawar hannu; Hakazalika, watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik akan tsofaffin babura suna riƙe da lever motsi na ƙafa, kamar akan babur tare da cikakkiyar watsawa ta hannu. Koyaya, tsarin na'ura mai sarrafa kansa a cikin sabbin babura, motocin tsere, da sauran nau'ikan ababen hawa galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin zaɓin kayan aiki kamar fakitin motsi kusa da sitiyari ko tsokana kusa da handbars.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
An yi amfani da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na aiki da kai don ƙulle actuation tsawon shekaru, daga hydraulic, pneumatic, kuma electromechanical kama zuwa injin-aiki,[18] electromagnetic, da kuma ko da centrifugal clutches. Abubuwan haɗin ruwa (mafi yawanci kuma waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a farkon watsawa ta atomatik) masana'antun daban-daban kuma sun yi amfani da su, yawanci tare da wani nau'i na ƙuƙumi na inji, don hana abin hawa tsayawa tsayawa ko a wurin zaman banza.
Ƙirar watsawa ta atomatik na iya aiki ta amfani da ita Hall tasiri na'urori masu auna firikwensin ko micro switches don gano alkiblar canjin da aka nema lokacin da aka yi amfani da sandar gear. Wadannan firikwensin' fitarwa, haɗe tare da fitarwa daga firikwensin da aka haɗa zuwa gearbox wanda ke auna saurinsa na yanzu da kayan aiki, ana ciyar da shi cikin a naúrar sarrafa watsawa, naúrar sarrafa lantarki, naúrar sarrafa injin, ko microprocessor,[19][20] ko wani nau'in tsarin sarrafa lantarki. Wannan tsarin sarrafawa sannan yana ƙayyade mafi kyawun lokaci da karfin juyi da ake buƙata don haɗin kai mai santsi.
Naúrar sarrafawa ta lantarki tana ba da ikon kunnawa, wanda ke haɗawa da cire kama a cikin santsi. A wasu lokuta, an kunna kama ta hanyar a servomotor haɗe da tsarin gear don a linzamin kwamfuta actuator, wanda, via a hydraulic silinda cike da ruwa mai ruwa daga birki tsarin, disengages da kama. A wasu lokuta, na'urar clutch actuator na iya zama gabaɗaya ta lantarki, inda babban clutch actuator ke aiki ta injin lantarki ko solenoid, ko ma pneumatic, inda babban clutch actuator ne a pneumatic actuator wanda ke kawar da kama.
Tsarin hannu marar kama, mai suna Matsakaici, wani Semi-atomatik watsa ne gabatar ta Volkswagen don shekara ta 1968. Kasuwa kamar yadda Volkswagen Atomatik Stickshift, An haɗa watsawar jagora mai sauri uku na al'ada zuwa tsarin kama atomatik mai sarrafa injin. An ƙera saman sandar gear ɗin don ragewa da kunna wutar lantarki, watau lokacin da direba ya taɓa hannun. Lokacin da aka danna, maɓallin yana aiki da 12-volt solenoid, wanda bi da bi yana sarrafa vacuum clutch actuator, don haka ya kawar da kama kuma yana ba da damar canzawa tsakanin gears. Tare da cire hannun direba daga kayan aiki, kamannin zai sake yin aiki ta atomatik. An kuma sanye da na'ura mai jujjuyawa, wanda ke baiwa motar damar yin amfani da kayan aiki kamar na atomatik, da kuma tsayawa da farawa daga tsayawa a kowane kayan aiki.[21][22][23]
Tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, masana'antun kera motoci sun gabatar da abin da ake kira yanzu watsawa ta atomatik (AMT), wanda ke da kamanceceniya da injina, kuma yana da tushensa a cikin, tsarin watsawa da hannu na baya. AMT yana aiki daidai da tsofaffin watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik da na hannu, amma tare da keɓancewa biyu; yana da ikon yin aiki da kama kuma yana motsawa ta atomatik, kuma baya amfani da mai jujjuyawa. Ana yin gyare-gyare ta atomatik daga a naúrar sarrafa watsawa (TCU), ko kuma da hannu daga ko dai madaidaicin motsi ko madaidaicin motsi da aka ɗora a bayan motar. AMTs sun haɗu da ingantaccen mai na watsawar hannu tare da sauƙin sauyawa ta atomatik. Babban hasararsu shine rashin kwanciyar hankali na canzawa saboda ƙarancin injin da TCU ke cirewa, wanda ake iya gani cikin sauƙi azaman "jolting".[abin da ake bukata] Wasu masu yin watsawa sun yi ƙoƙarin magance wannan batu ta hanyar amfani da manyan zoben daidaitawa kuma ba su cika buɗe kama yayin canjawa ba-wanda ke aiki a ka'idar, amma kamar na 2007, babu wasu jerin motocin samarwa masu irin waɗannan ayyuka.[yana buƙatar sabuntawa] A cikin motocin fasinja, AMT na zamani gabaɗaya suna da gudu shida (ko da yake wasu suna da bakwai) da kuma dogon gearing. A haɗe tare da shirin canzawa mai wayo, wannan na iya rage yawan amfani da mai. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan AMTs guda biyu: haɗaɗɗen AMTs da ƙari-kan AMTs. An ƙera Haɗin AMTs don keɓancewa AMTs, yayin da ƙari-kan AMTs shine jujjuya daidaitattun watsawar hannu zuwa AMTs.[abin da ake bukata]
Mai watsawa mai sarrafa kansa na iya haɗawa da cikakken yanayin atomatik inda direba baya buƙatar canza kaya kwata-kwata.[24] Ana iya siffanta waɗannan watsawa azaman daidaitaccen watsawa na manual tare da kama mai sarrafa kansa da sarrafa motsi na kayan aiki, ba su damar yin aiki daidai da tsarin watsawa ta atomatik na gargajiya. TCU tana canza kayan aiki ta atomatik idan, alal misali, injin ɗin mai jan hankali. Ana iya canza AMT zuwa yanayin da ba a ɗaure ba inda mutum zai iya tashi ko ƙasa ta amfani da na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaɓin motsi ko masu sauya sheƙa.[25] Yana da ƙarancin farashi fiye da na yau da kullun ta atomatik.[26]
Na'urar watsawa ta atomatik (sunayen kasuwanci sun haɗa da SMG-III) ba za a ruɗe shi da watsawa ta atomatik "na atomatik" (kasuwa a ƙarƙashin sunayen kasuwanci kamar Tiptronic, Steptronic, Wasanni, kuma Geartronic). Duk da yake waɗannan tsarin suna kama da kamanceceniya, na'urar na'ura tana amfani da juzu'i mai juyi kamar watsawa ta atomatik, maimakon kamannin da ake amfani da shi a cikin watsawa ta atomatik. Littafin jagora mai sarrafa kansa zai iya baiwa direba cikakken ikon zaɓin kayan aiki, yayin da manumatic zai ƙi amincewa da buƙatar canjin kaya wanda zai haifar da tsayawar injin (daga kaɗan kaɗan. RPM) ko over-revving. [24] Yanayin atomatik na watsawar hannu mai sarrafa kansa a ƙananan saurin farawa mai ƙanƙanci ko akai-akai bai da santsi fiye da na na'urar lissafi da sauran watsawa ta atomatik.
Yawancin watsa shirye-shirye na atomatik da babura da motocin tsere ke amfani da su a zahiri suna dogara da injina watsa shirye-shirye na hannu. Watsawar babur Semi-atomatik gabaɗaya tana ƙetare ledar kama, amma tana riƙe madaidaicin ƙafar diddige da ƙafar ƙafa.
Watsawar babur Semi-atomatik ta dogara ne akan watsawar hannu ta al'ada kuma yawanci ana amfani da a centrifugal kama.[34] A cikin saurin aiki, an cire haɗin injin ɗin daga mashin shigar da akwatin gearbox, yana barin duka shi da babur su freewheel, sabanin tare da jujjuyawar juyi atomatiks, babu ragowar banza tare da daidaitawar centrifugal kama. Yayin da saurin injin ya hauhawa, ma'aunin nauyi a cikin taron kama a hankali yana motsawa zuwa waje har sai sun fara tuntuɓar ciki na waje kuma suna watsa ƙarin adadin ƙarfin injin da juzu'i. Ingantacciyar “maki cizo” ko “maki cizo”[35] ana samun ta ta atomatik ta hanyar ma'auni, inda ake watsa wutar lantarki ta hanyar kama (har yanzu-slipping) daidai yake da abin da injin zai iya samarwa. Wannan yana ba da damar in mun gwada da sauri cikakken maƙura takeoffs (tare da daidaitawa don injin ɗin yana cikin matsi mafi girma) ba tare da jinkirin injin ɗin ba ko an toshe shi, haka kuma an sami annashuwa da farawa da ƙananan gudu a ƙananan maƙura RPMs.
A cikin 1901, Amédée Bollée ɓullo da hanyar canja kayan aiki wanda baya buƙatar amfani da kama kuma an kunna shi ta zoben da aka ɗora a cikin sitiyarin.[36] Mota daya da ke amfani da wannan tsarin ita ce 1912 Bollee Nau'in F Torpedo.
Kafin zuwan na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa ta atomatik na farko da aka samar (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) a cikin 1940, masana'antun Amurka da yawa sun ba da na'urori daban-daban don rage adadin kama ko shigarwar da ake buƙata.[37] Wadannan na'urori an yi niyya ne don rage wahalar aiki da su watsa shirye-shiryen da ba a daidaita su ba, ko "akwatunan gear gear", waɗanda aka saba amfani da su, musamman a lokacin fara tuƙi.
Matakin farko zuwa watsawa ta atomatik shine 1933-1935 HARSHE Mai Canza Kai,[38][39][40][41] wanda ke canzawa ta atomatik tsakanin gear biyu na gaba a cikin yanayin "gaba" (ko tsakanin gajerun ma'auni guda biyu a cikin yanayin "ƙananan gaggawa"). Tsaye yana farawa yana buƙatar direba ya yi amfani da fedar kama. Shifter na Kai ya fara bayyana a watan Mayu 1933 kuma an ba da shi azaman ma'auni akan Royale kuma azaman zaɓi akan Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
A 1937, da hudu-gudun Oldsmobile An gabatar da watsawar Tsaro ta atomatik akan Oldsmobile shida da kuma samfurin Oldsmobile takwas.[38] Ya yi amfani da gearset na duniya tare da fedar kama don farawa daga tsayawa da sauyawa tsakanin jeri na "ƙananan" da "high".[43][44][45] An maye gurbin watsawar Tsaro ta atomatik da cikakken atomatik Hydra-Matic na shekarar ƙirar 1940.[46][47]
1938-1939 Buick Special yana samuwa tare da wani Self-Shifter 4-gudun Semi-atomatik watsawa,[48][49][50] wanda yayi amfani da kaman hannu don farawa daga tsayawa da kuma kama mai sarrafa kansa don canje-canjen kaya.
Shekarar 1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic watsawa ta hannu ce mai sauri biyu tare da na'ura mai haɗaɗɗiyar injuna, kama na gargajiya, da haɗin ruwa tsakanin injin da kama.[51][52][53] Watsawar mai saurin biyu tana da jeri na "high" da "ƙananan", kuma an yi amfani da kama lokacin da direban ke son canzawa tsakanin jeri. Don tuƙi na yau da kullun, direban zai danna clutch, zaɓi babban kewayon, sannan ya saki kama. Da zarar an danna abin totur, haɗin gwiwar ruwa zai shiga kuma motar za ta fara tafiya gaba, tare da na'urar da ke cikin ƙasa don samar da ƙarancin gear. A tsakanin 15-20 mph (24-32 km/h), direban zai ɗaga na'ura mai sauri kuma sashin da ke ƙasa zai rabu. An maye gurbin Vacamatic da makamancin haka M6 Presto-Matic watsa ga shekara ta 1946.
An yi amfani da irin wannan ƙira don 1941-1950 Hudson Drive-Maigida[54][55] da rashin lafiya 1942 Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Duk waɗannan sun haɗu da sauri 3 watsawa da hannu tare da canzawa ta atomatik tsakanin gears na 2 da na 3, maimakon rukunin "underdrive" na Vacamatic.
Packard Electro-Matic, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1941 Packard Clipper kuma Packard 180, ya kasance farkon watsawar hannu mara clutchless wanda ya yi amfani da ƙulle-ƙulle na gargajiya tare da aikin injin motsa jiki ta atomatik, wanda matsayi na ƙararrawa ke sarrafa shi.
The kayayyakin mota tsarin manumatic, samuwa akan 1953 Ford Anglia 100E, wani tsarin kama-karya ne na atomatik wanda aka kunna shi ta hanyar sauyawa da ke kunna duk lokacin da aka motsa sandar kaya. Tsarin zai iya sarrafa kebul na maƙura (don kiyaye injin a RPM ɗin da ake buƙata don canjin gear) kuma ya bambanta ƙimar haɗin kama.[58] Tsarin Newtondrive na gaba, wanda ake samu akan 1957–1958 Ford Anglia, shima yana da tanadi don shake sarrafawa. Irin wannan samfurin shine Jamusanci Saxomat tsarin kamawa ta atomatik, wanda aka ƙaddamar a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma ana samunsa akan motocin Turai daban-daban.[59]
The Citroën DS, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1955, yayi amfani da a na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin tare da na'ura mai sarrafa sauri mai aiki da ruwa da na'ura mai saurin tashi mara aiki don zaɓar kayan aiki da aiki da kama na al'ada. Wannan ya ba da damar canzawa mara kamawa tare da guda ɗaya mai zaɓin da aka ɗora shafi, yayin da direban a lokaci guda ya ɗaga abin totur don canza kaya. An yi wa wannan tsarin laqabi da "Citro-Matic" a Amurka
Domin shekara ta 1962 model. Motocin Amurka ya gabatar da E-Stick, wanda ya kawar da fedar kama a cikin Rambler Amurka tare da daidaitaccen watsa mai saurin sauri uku.[60] Wannan kama ta atomatik yayi amfani da matsa lamba na man inji azaman tushen ruwa kuma ana samunsa akan ƙasa da $60.[61] Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkiyar watsawa ta atomatik na lokacin, E-Stick ya ba da tattalin arzikin man fetur na canjin sanda, tare da vacuum da na'urorin lantarki masu sarrafa kama. An bayar da watsawar E-Stick mai sauri uku akan mafi girma Rambler Classic samfura, tare da naúrar overdrive.[62] Tsarin yana samuwa ne kawai tare da injuna 6-Silinda, kuma rashin kamawa ya zama wanda ba a so, don haka an dakatar da shi bayan 1964.[63]
Shekarar 1967 Volkswagen WSK (Mai canza kama watsawa; Turanci: Canjin jujjuyawar juyi / akwatin gear), ana amfani da su a ciki Irin ƙwaro, Nau'i na 3 kuma Karmann Ghia, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin akwatunan gear na farko irinsa, tare da kama na injina ta atomatik da mai jujjuyawa. An kuma san shi da Matsakaici. Shifting da hannu direban yayi. Ƙunƙwan injina ta atomatik ya ba motar damar yin sauri daga tsayawa, yayin da mai jujjuyawa ya ba ta damar yin hakan a cikin kowane kayan aiki. Dampening girgizar injin da samar da juzu'i mai ƙarfi, yana aiki azaman nau'in "akwatin ragi", don haka ainihin akwatin gear ɗin injin yana buƙatar gears na gaba uku kawai (wannan shine dalilin da ya sa na yau da kullun na atomatik tare da masu jujjuya wutar lantarki yawanci suna da ƙarancin gears fiye da watsawar hannu). WSK ba ta da kayan "farko"; a maimakon haka, an canza kayan aikin farko zuwa kayan aiki na baya, sannan aka yi wa lakabi na biyu lakabin farko (tare da na uku da na huɗu bi da bi ana yi musu lakabi na biyu da na uku).[64]
The Chevrolet Torque-Drive watsawa, wanda aka gabatar akan 1968 Chevrolet Nova kuma Kamaro, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan misalan inda watsa shirye-shirye ta atomatik ya dogara ne akan watsawa ta atomatik na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa na al'ada (maimakon daidaitaccen watsawar hannu). Torque-Drive ya kasance da gaske mai sauri 2 Powerglide watsawa ta atomatik ba tare da injin modulator ba, yana buƙatar direba ya canza kayan aiki da hannu tsakanin "Low" da "High". Alamar quadrant akan motocin Torque-Drive shine "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Direba zai tada motar a "1st," sannan ya motsa lever zuwa "Hi" lokacin da ake so. An dakatar da Torque-Drive a ƙarshen 1971 kuma an maye gurbinsa da na'urar watsawa ta atomatik na gargajiya. Sauran misalan watsa shirye-shiryen Semi-atomatik dangane da na'urori masu sarrafa ruwa sune Ford 3-gudun Semi-Automatic Transmission da aka yi amfani da su a cikin 1970-1971 Ford Maverick, farkon sigar Honda's 1972-1988 Hondamatic 2-gudu da 3-gudun watsawa, da kuma Daihatsu Yaduwar 2-gudun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.