Shona
A semi-otomatiki kutapurirana ari a multiple-speed transmission pane chikamu chekushanda kwayo automated (kazhinji actuation ye clutch), asi kupinza kwemutyairi kuchiri kudikanwa kuvhura mota kubva pakamira uye kushandura magiya. Semi-otomatiki transmissions yaingoda kushandiswa chete mumidhudhudhu uye yakavakirwa pane yakajairika manual transmissions kana sequential manual transmissions, asi shandisa otomatiki clutch system. Asi mamwe semi-otomatiki transmissions akave zvakare akavakirwa pane yakajairwa hydraulic otomatiki transmissions pamwe torque converters uye mapuraneti gearsets.
Mazita emhando dzakasiyana dzesemi-otomatiki transmissions anosanganisira clutchless manual,auto-manual,auto-clutch manual,uye paddle-shift kutapurirana.[8][9][10] Aya masisitimu anofambisa magiya ekuchinja kumutyairi nekushandisa clutch system otomatiki, kazhinji kuburikidza switches izvo zvinokonzeresa a actuator kana servo, ichiri kuda kuti mutyairi achinje magiya. Izvi zvinopesana ne a preselector gearbox, umo mutyairi anoshanda clutch uye anosarudza inotevera giya reshiyo, asi shanduko yegiya mukati mekutapurirana inoitwa otomatiki.
Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwesemi-otomatiki transmissions kwaive mumotokari, ichiwedzera mukurumbira pakati pemakore ekuma1930 apo yaipihwa nevakawanda vagadziri vemotokari vekuAmerica. Zvishoma kudarika zvechinyakare hydraulic otomatiki transmissions, semi-otomatiki transmissions yakaitwa kuti iwanikwe pamhando dzakasiyana dzemotokari uye midhudhudhu uye yakaramba ichigadzirwa muzana ramakore rechi21. Semi-automatic transmissions ine paddle shift operation yakashandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana mota dzemujaho, uye dzakatanga kuunzwa kudzora iyo electro-hydraulic gear shift mechanism ye Ferrari 640 Formula One mota muna 1989. Aya masisitimu parizvino anoshandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana dzepamusoro-tier makirasi emota dzemujaho; kusanganisira Formula One, IndyCar, uye kushanyira mijaho yemotokari. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira midhudhudhu, marori, mabhazi, uye motokari dzenjanji.
Semi-otomatiki inofambisa zviri nyore gear shifts nekubvisa kudiwa kwekudzvinyirira clutch pedal kana lever panguva imwe chete nekuchinja magiya. Mota zhinji dzine semi-otomatiki transmission hadzina kuisirwa mwero clutch pedal sezvo clutch ichidzorwa kure. Saizvozvo, midhudhudhu mizhinji ine semi-otomatiki transmission haina kuisirwa neyakajairwa clutch lever pa handlebar.
Mazhinji semi-otomatiki transmissions anobva pane zvakajairika bhuku rekufambisa. Vanogona kuita chikamu otomatiki kutapurirana. Kana iyo clutch ichiita otomatiki, kufambisa kunova semi-otomatiki. Nekudaro, masisitimu aya achiri kuda kusarudzwa kwegiya remutyairi. Mhando yekufambisa iyi inonzi a clutchless manual kana an otomatiki bhuku.
Mazhinji semi-otomatiki ekufambisa mumotokari dzevatakuri dzechikuru anochengeta yakajairika H-pattern shifter yekufambisa kwemanyorero; zvakafanana, semi-otomatiki transmissions pamidhudhudhu yekare inochengetedza yakajairika tsoka-shift lever, sepamudhudhudhu une manyorerwo akazara ekufambisa. Nekudaro, semi-otomatiki masisitimu mumidhudhudhu mitsva, mota dzemujaho, uye mamwe marudzi emotokari anowanzo shandisa nzira dzekusarudza magiya senge mashift paddles padhuze. chidhiraivho kana zvinokonzeresa pedyo ne mibato.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Mhando dzinoverengeka dzakasiyana dze otomatiki dze clutch actuation dzakashandiswa nekufamba kwemakore, kubva hydraulic, pneumatic, uye electromechanical kubata ku vacuum-operated,[18] electromagnetic, uye kunyange centrifugal clutches. Fluid couplings (inowanzo uye yaimboshandiswa mukutanga otomatiki transmissions) yakashandiswawo nevagadziri vakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji padivi neimwe nzira yemechanical friction clutch, kudzivirira mota kuti isamire kana yamira kana panguva. idle.
Iyo yakajairika semi-otomatiki yekufambisa dhizaini inogona kushanda nekushandisa Hall effect sensors kana micro switch kuona gwara rekuchinja kwakakumbirwa kana chimuti chegiya chikashandiswa. Aya ma sensors 'kubuda, akasanganiswa nekubuda kubva kune sensor yakabatana kune gearbox iyo inoyera kumhanya kwayo uye giya, inopihwa mu a transmission control unit, electronic control unit, injini yekudzora unit, kana microprocessor,[19][20] kana imwe mhando yemagetsi control system. Iyi yekudzora sisitimu inozosarudza iyo yakakwana nguva uye torque inodiwa kune yakatsetseka clutch kuita.
Iyo yemagetsi control unit inopa simba actuator, iyo inobata uye inobvisa iyo clutch nenzira yakatsetseka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, clutch inofambiswa ne servomotor yakabatanidzwa negadziriro yegiya re linear actuator, iyo, kuburikidza nea hydraulic humburumbira akazadzwa ne hydraulic fluid kubva ku braking system, inobvisa clutch. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo yemukati clutch actuator inogona kunge iri yemagetsi akazara, uko main clutch actuator inofambiswa ne mota yemagetsi kana solenoid, kana kunyange pneumatic, uko hombe clutch actuator iri pneumatic actuator izvo zvinobvisa clutch.
A clutchless manual system, inonzi the Autostick, yaive semi-automatic transmission yakaunzwa ne Volkswagen yegore remuenzaniso ra1968. Inotengeswa se Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift, yakajairika matatu-speed manual transmission yakabatanidzwa kune vacuum-operated automatic clutch system. Kumusoro kwegiya stick kwakagadzirwa kuti kuderedze uye kufambisa switch yemagetsi, kureva kana yabatwa neruoko rwemutyairi. Payakadzvanywa, switch yaishandisa 12-volt solenoid, iyo yakashanda iyo vacuum clutch actuator, nokudaro ichibvisa clutch uye ichibvumira kuchinja pakati pegiya. Ruoko rwomutyairi rwainge rwabviswa pagiya, clutch yaibva yatanga kuita zvega. Iyo dhizaini yaive zvakare neinoshandura torque, ichibvumira mota kuti isashande mugiya senge ine otomatiki, pamwe nekumira uye kutanga kubva pakumira mune chero giya.[21][22][23]
Kutanga mukupera kwema1990, vagadziri vemotokari vakaunza yave kunzi an automated manual transmission (AMT), iyo yakafanana nemichina, uye ine midzi mukati, yekare clutchless manual transmission systems. Iyo AMT inoshanda nenzira imwechete neyekare semi-otomatiki uye clutchless manual transmissions, asi ine maviri kunze; inokwanisa kusevenzesa clutch uye kuchinjika otomatiki, uye haishandise torque inoshandura. Shifting inoitwa otomatiki kubva a transmission control unit (TCU), kana nemaoko kubva kune imwe shift knob kana shift paddles akaiswa kuseri kwevhiri. AMTs inosanganisa kugona kwemafuta ekufambisa kwemanyorero nekuchinja kuri nyore kweotomatiki kutapurirana. Dambudziko ravo guru nderokusagadzikana kwekuchinja kunyaradza nekuda kweiyo mechanical clutch iri kubviswa neTCU, iyo inooneka nyore nyore se "jolting".[citation inodiwa] Vamwe vanogadzira kutapurirana vakaedza kugadzirisa nyaya iyi nekushandisa oversized synchronizer mhete uye kusavhura zvizere clutch panguva yekuchinja-iyo inoshanda mudzidziso, asi kubva muna 2007, hakuna kumbove neyakatevedzana mota dzekugadzira dzine mabasa akadaro.[inoda update] Mumotokari dzinotakura vanhu, maAMTs emazuva ano anowanzo ane nhanhatu dzinomhanya (kunyangwe vamwe vaine manomwe) uye giya refu. Mukubatana ne smart-shifting chirongwa, izvi zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta. Kazhinji, kune marudzi maviri eAMTs: akabatanidzwa AMTs uye akawedzera-paAMTs. Akabatanidzwa AMTs akagadzirirwa kuve akatsaurirwa AMTs, nepo kuwedzera-paAMTs ari shanduko yeyakajairwa manyorero ekufambisa kuita maAMTs.[citation inodiwa]
An automated manual transmission inogona kusanganisira zvizere otomatiki modhi apo mutyairi haadi kuchinja giya zvachose.[24] Aya mafambisirwo anogona kutsanangurwa seyakajairwa manyorerwo ekufambisa ane otomatiki clutch uye otomatiki giya shanduko yekudzora, ichivabvumira kushanda nenzira imwechete neyechinyakare otomatiki transmissions. Iyo TCU inoshandura magiya otomatiki kana, semuenzaniso, injini iri redlined. Iyo AMT inogona kuchinjirwa kune clutchless manual mode umo munhu anogona kusimudza kana kudzika pasi achishandisa console-mounted shift selector kana paddle shifters.[25] Iine mutengo wakaderera pane zvakajairwa otomatiki transmissions.[26]
Iyo otomatiki bhuku rekufambisa (mazita ekutengesa anosanganisira SMG-III) haifaniri kuvhiringidzwa ne "manumatic" automatic transmission (inotengeswa pasi pemazita ekutengeserana akadai Titronic, Steptronic, Sportmatic,uye Geartronic) Kunyange masisitimu aya achiita seakafanana, manumatic inoshandisa torque inoshandura senge otomatiki kutumira, pachinzvimbo checlutch inoshandiswa mune otomatiki bhuku rekufambisa. Bhuku rakazvimiririra rinogona kupa mutyairi kutonga kwakazara kwesarudzo yegiya, nepo manumatic ichiramba chikumbiro chekuchinja giya icho chinozokonzera kumira kweinjini (kubva kushomashoma). RPM) kana kuwedzera-revving. [24] Iyo otomatiki modhi yeautomated manual transmission pane yakaderera kana inogaromira yekumhanyisa kumhanya haina kutsvedzerera pane iyo yemanmatics uye mamwe otomatiki ekufambisa.
Anoverengeka semi-otomatiki transmissions anoshandiswa nemidhudhudhu uye mota dzemujaho ari chaizvo nemakanika akavakirwa pa. sequential manual transmissions. Semi-automatic motorcycle transmissions kazhinji inosiya clutch lever, asi chengetedza yakajairwa chitsitsinho-ne-chigunwe tsoka shift lever.
Semi-otomatiki midhudhudhu transmissions yakavakirwa pane yakajairwa sequential manual transmissions uye kazhinji inoshandisa centrifugal clutch.[34] Pakumhanya kusingaite, injini inobviswa kubva kugearbox yekupinza shaft, ichibvumira zvese nebhasikoro kuenda. freewheel, kusiyana ne torque converter otomatiki, hapana idle creep ine centrifugal clutch yakanyatsogadziriswa. Sezvo injini inomhanya ichikwira, counterweights mukati me clutch gungano zvishoma nezvishoma inotenderera mberi kunze kusvikira yatanga kusangana nemukati meimba yekunze uye kutumira huwandu huri kuwedzera hwesimba rejini uye torque. Iyo inoshanda "bite point" kana "biting point"[35] inowanikwa otomatiki ne equilibrium, apo simba rinopfuudzwa kuburikidza ne (ichiri kutsvedza) clutch yakaenzana neiyo injini inogona kupa. Izvi zvinobvumira kukurumidza kukurumidza kuzere-throttle kutora (ne clutch yakagadziridzwa kuitira kuti injini ive pakakwirira torque) pasina injini inononoka kana kuvharidzirwa pasi, pamwe chete nekutanga kwakasununguka uye kutsika-kumhanya kunofamba pazasi throttle uye. RPMs.
Muna 1901, Amédée Bollée yakagadzira nzira yekushandura magiya isingadi kushandiswa kweclutch uye yakagadziriswa nemhete yakaiswa mukati megumbo.[36] Imwe mota yaishandisa iyi system yaive 1912 Bollee Nyora F Torpedo.
Isati yasvika yekutanga misa-yakagadzirwa hydraulic otomatiki transmission (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) muna 1940, vagadziri vakati wandei vekuAmerica vakapa michina yakasiyana siyana kudzikisa huwandu hweclutch kana kuchinjisa kupinza kunodiwa.[37] Midziyo iyi yaive nechinangwa chekudzikisa kuoma kwekushandisa unsynchronised manual transmissions, kana "crash gearboxes", aiwanzo shandiswa, kunyanya pakumisa-kutanga kutyaira.
Nhanho yekutanga kuenda kune otomatiki kutapurirana yaive 1933-1935 MUTAURO Self-Shifter,[38][39][40][41] iyo yaingoerekana yachinja pakati pemagiya maviri ekumberi mu "mberi" modhi (kana pakati peaviri mapfupi egiya reshiyo mu "emergency low" mode). Kumira kunotanga kwaida kuti mutyairi ashandise clutch pedal. Iyo Self-Shifter yakatanga kuoneka muna Chivabvu 1933 uye yakapihwa seyakajairwa paRoyale uye sesarudzo paFlying Cloud S-4.[42]
Muna 1937, the four-speed Oldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission yakaunzwa pa Oldsmobile Six uye Oldsmobile Eight modhi.[38] Yakashandisa giya repuraneti rine clutch pedal yekutanga kubva payakamira uye kuchinja pakati pe "pasi" uye "pamusoro" mazinga.[43][44][45] Iyo Automatic Safety Transmission yakatsiviwa neyakazara-otomatiki Hydra-Matic yegore remhando ya1940.[46][47]
Muna 1938-1939 Buick Special yaiwanikwa neimwe Self-Shifter 4-kumhanya semi-otomatiki kutapurirana,[48][49][50] iyo yakashandisa manyore clutch kutanga kubva pakumira uye otomatiki clutch yekuchinja giya.
Muna 1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic kutapurirana kwaive maviri-anomhanya manyorero ekufambisa ane akakosha underdrive unit, yechinyakare manyore clutch, uye fluid yakabatana pakati peinjini neclutch.[51][52][53] Iwo maviri-speed transmission aive ne "high" uye "low" ranges, uye clutch yaishandiswa apo mutyairi aida kuchinja pakati pezvikamu. Pakutyaira zvakajairika, mutyairi aidzvanya clutch, osarudza High range, obva aregedzera clutch. Pane imwe nguva iyo accelerator yakamanikidzwa, kubatanidza kwemvura kwaizoita uye motokari yaizotanga kufambira mberi, neine underdrive unit yakabatanidzwa kuti ipe chiyero chegiya chakaderera. Pakati pe15–20 mph (24–32 km/h), mutyairi aisimudza accelerator uye underdrive unit yaizobvisa. Iyo Vacamatic yakatsiviwa neimwe yakafanana M6 Presto-Matic kutapurirana kwegore ra1946 modhi.
Magadzirirwo akafanana akashandiswa kune 1941-1950 Hudson Dhiraivha-Tenzi[54][55] uye 1942 yakashata Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Zvose izvi zvakabatanidza 3-speed manual transmission ine otomatiki inochinja pakati pe2nd uye 3rd magiya, panzvimbo yeVacamatic's "underdrive" unit.
Iyo Packard Electro-Matic, yakaunzwa muna 1941 Packard Clipper uye Packard 180, yaive yekutanga clutchless manual transmission iyo yaishandisa yechinyakare friction clutch ine otomatiki vacuum oparesheni, iyo yaidzorwa nechinzvimbo cheanomhanyisa.
The zvigadzirwa zvemotokari manumatic system, inowanikwa pa1953 Ford Anglia 100E, yaive vacuum-powered otomatiki clutch sisitimu yaibatidzwa ne switch yaitangwa pese paifambiswa giya. Iyo sisitimu inogona kudzora iyo throttle tambo (kuchengeta injini iri painodiwa RPM yekuchinja kwegiya) uye kusiyanisa mwero wekubatana kweclutch.[58] Iyo inoteedzana Newtondrive system, inowanikwa pa1957-1958 Ford Anglia, zvakare yaive nehurongwa hwe kukachidza control. Chigadzirwa chakafanana chaive chiGerman Saxomat otomatiki clutch system, iyo yakaunzwa pakati pemakore ekuma1950 uye inowanikwa pamotokari dzakasiyana dzeEurope.[59]
The Citroën DS, yakaunzwa muna 1955, yakashandisa a hydraulic system ine hydraulically-inoshanda yekumhanyisa controller uye isina basa yekumhanyisa nhanho-kumusoro mudziyo wekusarudza magiya uye kushandisa iyo neimwe nzira yakajairwa clutch. Izvi zvakabvumira kuti clutchless ishanduke neimwe chete column-mounted selector, apo mutyairi panguva imwe cheteyo akasimudza accelerator kuti achinje giya. Iyi sisitimu yakapihwa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "Citro-Matic" kuUS
Kwegore remuenzaniso wa1962, American Motors yakaunza E-Stick, iyo yakabvisa clutch pedal mu Rambler American ine mwero matatu-kumhanya manyorero ekufambisa.[60] Iyi otomatiki clutch yakashandisa injini yemafuta kumanikidza se hydraulic sosi uye yaiwanikwa isingasviki $60.[61] Kana ichienzaniswa neatomatiki ekufambisa panguva iyoyo, E-Stick yakapa hupfumi hwehuturu hwetsvimbo-shift, ine vacuum nemagetsi switch anodzora clutch. Iyo E-Stick matatu-speed transmission yakapihwa pane hombe Rambler Classic modhi, pamwe neiyo overdrive unit.[62] Iyo sisitimu yaingowanikwa ne6-cylinder injini, uye kushaikwa kweclutch kwakaratidza kusafarirwa, saka yakamiswa mushure me1964.[63]
The 1967 Volkswagen WSK (Shandura clutch kutapurirana; Chirungu: Torque inoshandura chinja / clutch gearbox), inoshandiswa mu Bete, Type 3 uye Karmann Ghia, yaive imwe yekutanga giya mabhokisi erudzi rwayo, ine otomatiki mechanicha clutch uye torque inoshandura. Yaizivikanwawo se Autostick. Shifting yakaitwa nemaoko nemutyairi. Iyo otomatiki mechanicha clutch yaibvumira mota kuti ikurumidze kubva pakumira, nepo torque inoshandura yaigonesa kuzviita mune chero giya. Inodzikisa injini vibrations uye nekupa torque kuwanda, yakashanda senge "yekudzikisa giya bhokisi", saka iyo chaiyo mechanic gearbox yaingoda matatu emberi magiya (ndosaka akajairwa otomatiki ekufambisa ane torque converter anowanzo aine mashoma magiya pane manyorero ekufambisa). WSK yakanga isina "yekutanga" gear; pachinzvimbo, giya rekutanga rakashandurwa kuita reverse giya, uye rechipiri giya rakanyorwa kutanga (neyechitatu nerechina magiya zvichiteerana achinzi rechipiri nerechitatu).[64]
The Chevrolet Torque-Drive kutapurirana, yakatangwa muna 1968 Chevrolet Nova uye Camaro, mumwe wemienzaniso mishoma apo semi-otomatiki kutapurirana kwakavakirwa pane yakajairwa hydraulic otomatiki kutapurirana (panzvimbo peyakajairwa bhuku rekufambisa). Iyo Torque-Drive yaive chaizvo 2-kumhanya Powerglide otomatiki kutapurirana pasina vacuum modulator, inoda kuti mutyairi achinje magiya pakati pe "Low" uye "High". Iyo quadrant chiratidzo paTorque-Drive mota yaive "Paki-RN-Hi-1st". Mutyairi aizotanga motokari mu "1st," uye ofambisa lever ku "Hi" kana achida. Iyo Torque-Drive yakamiswa pakupera kwa1971 uye yakatsiviwa neyekare hydraulic otomatiki transmission. Mimwe mienzaniso yesemi-automatic transmissions yakavakirwa pahydraulic automatics yaive Ford 3-kumhanya Semi-Automatic Transmission yakashandiswa muna 1970-1971. Ford Maverick, shanduro dzekutanga dzeHonda's 1972-1988 Hondamatic 2-kumhanya uye 3-kumhanya kutumira, uye iyo Daihatsu Diamatic 2-kumhanya kufambisa yakashandiswa muna 1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.