Pamberi pekutanga 2000s, inorema basa rekutengesa mota ine chero chinhu kunze a manual transmission zvanga zvisinga nzwike. Kubva ipapo, kudiwa kweautomated manual transmissions (AMTs) kwawedzera; zvishoma nezvishoma pakutanga, zvino nekukurumidza sezvo tekinoroji yakava yakapfava uye yakavimbika.
Fleets akatanga kuona mabhenefiti ekushandisa maAMTs: anogona kuve akanyanya kushanda kupfuura bhuku, pamwe nevatyairi vatsva, vasina ruzivo rwakawanda vanogona kuzvishandisa, vachiwedzera dziva revanogoneka - ngarava dzekuyamura dzinofara kumbundira dzichifunga nezvekushomeka kwemutyairi.
Nhasi, maAMTs anotariswa pane mazhinji emotokari nyowani dzekutengesa dziri kubva pamutsetse wefekitori. Zvisinei nemaitiro aya, zvakadaro, marori ekufambisa emaoko achiri kudiwa kune dzakawanda zvikepe.
"Tichiri kuona kudiwa kwekufambiswa kwemaoko kubva kuzvikepe zvine madhiraivha ane ruzivo uye mune mamwe maapplication akaita sekutakura zvinorema kana sevhisi yakaoma," akadaro Becky Parsons, maneja wepasi rose clutch chigadzirwa strategy kuEaton Vehicle Group.
Kuti uone kana marori ekufambisa kana ma AMT ari akanyanya kukwana, zvikepe zvinoda kutora zvinhu zvakasiyana mukufunga.
Transmission spec'ing basics
Kutumira nemaoko kunogona kunge kuchiri kuita zvine musoro kune mamwe mafambisi. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri izvo zvezvikepe zvine dziva rakakura revatyairi vane ruzivo vanosarudza kutyaira rori ine clutch pedal pane AMT, kana zvikepe zvine mota dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutenderera basa.
Zvikumbiro zvinozoshandiswa nerori ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha kana uchitarisa kutapurirana. Izvi zvinogona kunyanya kunetsa sezvo mamwe maAMTs akaganhurirwa mune yakawanda sei torque yavanokwanisa kubata.
"Vatengi vanofanirwa kutarisa kuti marori achapinda mukushandisa kupi," akadaro Chad Seth, director wekutengesa marori kuRihm Kenworth. "Kunyanya, rori inodhonza magumo-yekurasira kana padivi-inorasa inogona kuda chaiyo mhando yeAMT kana kuenda kune yakazara [otomatiki] Allison kutapurirana nekuda kwekudzika giya kunodiwa. Mamwe maAMTs ane mashoma torque masimba. "
Ikoko AMT ingangokwanisa kugarisa torque yakakura ye1,850 ft-lbs, 18-speed manual transmission inogona kubata kusvika zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu ezviuru, Seth akadaro.
Mazhinji ezvikepe asina zvakanyanyisa torque zvinodiwa, zvisinei, anogona kutarisira kuona kuvandudzwa munenge metric yese inoshanda nekuita switch kubva kumanyorero kutumira kune AMTs. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nenyaya yekuti vatyairi - vane ruzivo kana kuti vasina - vanogona kutora mukana zviri nyore wezvinhu zvinopihwa neAMTs kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka.
"Musiyano mukuru pakati peAMTs nemabhuku ndewekuti neAMTs, mamwe maitiro uye mabasa anogona kupihwa neOEM yerori munzvimbo dzakakosha dzekupindura, kuita, uye kugona kwemafuta," akadaro Johan Agebrand, director wezvekutengesa zvigadzirwa kuVolvo Trucks North America.
Nekudzidziswa kwakaringana, zvikepe zvinogona kutarisira zvakawanda zvevatyairi vavo kushandisa maAMT maficha uye, nekudaro, kuvandudza mashandiro, akawedzera.
"Iyo yepamusoro 5 kusvika ku10 muzana yevatyairi vemaoko vanogona kusavandudza zvakanyanya neAMT, asi imwe 90 kusvika 95 muzana ichadaro," akadaro Agebrand.
Akacherekedzawo kuti Volvo inopa iri kure programming sevhisi iyo inobvumira mafambi kuti achinje parameter marongero paVolvo AMTs kukwirisa rori kune chaiyo application.
"Izvi zvine musoro kana basa rezvikepe richisiyana muhuremu, chimiro, uye zvimwe zvinhu," Agebrand akatsanangura. "Rori yega yega inogona kugadzirwa kuti iunze kunyatsoshanda kwemafuta, kugadzira, uye kutyaira zvichienderana nebasa rayo."
Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo rori inochengetedza kushandiswa kweseti yehuzhinji hwehupenyu hwayo, zvikepe zvinogona kusarudza kufungidzira kutapurirana kweiyo chaiyo basa kutenderera.
"Kana mota yako iri kumhanyisa OTR (pamusoro pemugwagwa), ita shuwa kuti AMT yako yakatsanangurwa kumhanya kwemugwagwa kwaichasangana nayo," akadaro Len Copeland, Detroit product marketing manager. “Saizvozvowo, kana iwe uri dhizaini inorema ita shuwa kuti kutapurirana kwakasarudzwa kwakagadzirirwa kubata huremu nemamiriro ekushanda ayo achasangana nawo. Kusarudza iyo AMT yakakodzera kwakakosha pamashandiro ezvikepe pamwe nekugutsikana kwemutyairi. "
Mamwe maAMTs ehunyanzvi, semuenzaniso, anopa akasiyana maficha akananga kumusika webasa senge off-road modhi uye rock-isina modhi.
Nepo ruzhinji rwemotokari nyowani dzekutengesa dziri kuendeswa dzinofungidzirwa neAMTs, kuchine marori mazhinji ane manyorerwo ekufambisa munzira nhasi. Uyezve, zvakakosha kuzvidavirira kune ekare mamodheru emarori achiri kushandiswa nemafambisi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matekinoroji ezvikepe anofanirwa kudzidziswa kuchengetedza uye kushandira ese maAMTs uye manyorerwo ekufambisa kune ramangwana rinoonekwa.
Kunyange zvazvo paine misiyano iri pachena pakati pezviviri izvi, AMTs uye mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvakada kufanana kupfuura zvavangangotanga kuoneka. Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha yakafanana iyo inofanirwa kuve yakakosha kutarisa kune madhipatimendi ekugadzirisa ngarava ndeye clutch.
Commercial Vehicle Transmission
Clutch operation
Kune mutyairi ari kushandisa rori ine manual transmission kana AMT, musiyano uri pachena: imwe ine clutch pedal uye imwe haina. Zvakafanana nekutyaira rori ine otomatiki transmission, iyo AMT inoda chete kushandiswa kweanomhanyisa uye mabhureki pedals. Ipapo ndipo panoperera kufanana kwacho, zvisinei; AMTs dzakanyanya kufanana nebhuku pane kutumira otomatiki mune mashandisiro avanoita michina.
Sekureva kweAllison Transmission, otomatiki kutapurirana kunoshandisa hydraulic torque inoshandura kubatanidza injini kune inofambiswa nepuraneti. An AMT, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshandisa yakajairwa giya giya bhokisi rine magetsi kana pneumatic clutch actuation.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kutumira otomatiki murori, senge otomatiki kutapurirana mumotokari inotakura vanhu, inopa yakatsiga, iri pedyo-inogara ichiwedzera. An AMT, kune rumwe rutivi, inoshanduka seyakajairwa bhuku rekufambisa rori uko kukwidziridza kunomira painochinja.
"Nemichina, hapana musiyano [pakati pezvinyorwa neAMTs]," Volvo's Agebrand yakatsanangura. "Zvisinei, muAMT, makomputa emotokari anoshandisa clutch achipesana nemutyairi wemunhu mubhuku rekushandisa. Iyo algorithms muAMTs yanhasi yakanaka zvekuti kana zvasvika pakuchinja chaiko uye kukanganisa paclutch, iyo AMT ichaita yakanyanya hunyanzvi shanduko 100 muzana yenguva.
AMTs anoshandisa modhi yekudzora pamwe chete nemishini kana pneumatic switch kuti iite clutch pachayo, Detroit's Copeland akadaro. Izvi zvinobvumira kutapurirana kushandura magiya zvakanaka sezvinobvira. Mamwe maAMTs, akawedzera, anopa akawanda ekutyaira modhi kubatsira mutyairi kuti arambe ari mukutonga kwemafambisirwo ekutapurirana.
Kuchinja zvine hunyanzvi kuti ugare uri mugiya chairo sezvinodiwa zvinoreva kuti AMTs inochinja kakawanda. Vagadziri vakafunga izvi nekushandisa akasiyana clutch zvinhu pane izvo zvaizogara zvichishandiswa kune bhuku rekutapurirana clutch.
"Manual clutches anogadzirwa ne semi-metallic composition ukuwo maAMTs anoshandisa organic fiber material nekuti anochinja kakawanda zvichibva pamaitiro akasiyana ekuchinja, ayo anoda kusvedzerera clutch kubatikana uye kusabatanidzwa kupfuura simbi clutch inogona kupa," akadaro Copeland.
Kuti irambe ichizvidzivirira, sisitimu yeAMT inosanganisirawo chiyero chetembiricha yeclutch, maererano neEaton's Parsons, iyo yainoshandisa kudzivirira kusakara zvakanyanya paclutch nezvimwe zvinoenderana nazvo.
Manual transmissions anowanzo kuve ane mashoma masensa uye anovimba zvakanyanya pamutyairi kudzivirira kuwedzeredza clutch uye kugadzira kupfeka zvakanyanya.
Kunzvenga njodzi ye clutch
Kusashandisa zvisizvo uye kusagadzirisa zvisina kunaka ndizvo zviviri zvezvikonzero zvinotungamira zvekutadza kweclutch pane kutapurirana kwemanyorero. AMTs inobvisa kudyidzana kwevanhu kwakananga, saka kushandisa zvisizvo inyaya shoma. Kuchengetedza kusina kunaka, zvisinei, kunogona kutungamirira mukukundikana kweclutch kunyange paAMT.
Kusanyatso chengetedza clutch yemotokari kunogona kukonzera kutsvedza, kusimba kwekufamba (kwekufambisa nemanyorero), kupisa kwakanyanya, uye kutadza kushanda nguva isati yakwana, akadaro Steve Toninato, director webasa paRihm Kenworth.
Kukundikana kweclutch nekuda kwekushandisa zvisizvo kana kusagadzirisa zvisina kunaka, zvisinei, zvakati nekugadzira. Iyo clutch mune ese ari maviri manyorerwo ekufambisa uye maAMTs akagadzirirwa kuve isina kusimba poindi muhurongwa inozosakara kana kuputsika kutanga kuitira kuchengetedza kutapurirana kwayo.
"Kusagadzirisa zvakanaka kana kushanda kwemotokari kunogona kukonzera kuti clutch isakare uye kutyoka," akadaro Agebrand yeVolvo. "Muzviitiko zvenguva refu kana zvakanyanya, clutch yakagadzirirwa kutadza; kana zvisina kudaro, magiya chaiwo uye magiya ekugezera mukati mekutapurirana achatsemuka. Izvi zvakafanana kune ese maAMTs uye zvinyorwa. "
Detroit's Copeland akacherekedza kuti kuchengetedza kwakakosha sezvo nyaya dzekutapurirana dzichigona kutungamira kumatambudziko emotokari akapararira.
"Kutapurirana zvisina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka kunogona kukonzera kutadza kudonha mumagetsi ese," Copeland akadaro. "Fleets dzinogona kuona kudzikira kwehupenyu hwesevhisi, [kudzikira] kushanda nesimba, kuwedzera kutadza kweclutch, uye kupisa kwakanyanya. Gara uchitarisa kune yako OEM yekugadzirisa bhuku kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti uri kuchengetedza midziyo yako sezvakakurudzirwa kubatsira kudzivirira nyaya idzi. "
Yambiro zviratidzo
Danho rekutanga rekunzvenga clutch kukundikana kungwarira zviratidzo zvedambudziko rava pedyo. Vatyairi uye matekiniki zvakafanana vanofanirwa kutarisa zviratidzo zvekuti kutapurirana kwakasimbiswa. Manual transmissions uye AMTs inopa yambiro dzakasiyana, saka zvakakosha kuti unyatso ziva mune zvese zviri zviviri.
"Nekutumira nemaoko, vatyairi vanorasikirwa ne'kunzwa' mu clutch pedal kana kunzwa kugaya uye kusangana nematambudziko pakupedzisa giya," akadaro Agebrand.
Toninato akacherekedza kutsvedza kunogona kuve chimwe chiratidzo chiri pachena chenyaya yeclutch, uku Copeland akati vatyairi vanofanirwa kuziva kupisa kweclutch - chinhu chinogona kuwanzo kuoneka nekunhuhwirira kunopisa, uko kunoshanda kune ese manyorero ekufambisa uye maAMTs.
Copeland akacherekedzawo kuti maAMT mazhinji ane clutch tembiricha sensor iyo inozivisa mutyairi kana clutch ichipisa zvakanyanya kuti ishande zvakachengeteka. Pamusoro pezvo, kana kutapurirana kukatadza kuchinjika mugiya zvakanaka paunenge uchityaira, ingangove chiratidzo chenyaya yeclutch.
"AMTs inopa yambiro kuburikidza nekukanganisa macode uye yambiro kumutyairi kuratidza kukosha kwekumira uye kuongorora clutch," Parsons akawedzera.
Akataura kana mutyairi akagamuchira yambiro kana chenjedzo paanenge achifambisa motokari, mutyairi anofanira kumisa motokari kuti aongorore clutch.
Kuongororwa uye kugadzirisa
Kuongorora nyaya dzeclutch kunogonawo kusiyanisa pakati pemanyorero ekufambisa uye maAMTs. Kune manyorerwo ekufambisa, clutch pedal inonzwa uye yekutarisa yekuona ndiyo nzira huru dzekuongorora. AMTs, iine ma sensors ekuwedzera, anowanzo kupa chenjedzo uye kukanganisa makodhi uye anogona kuve nyore kuongororwa aine diagnostic scan tool uye software.
Kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa, zvakakosha kushandisa emhando yepamusoro yekutsiva zvikamu zvemhando mbiri dzekutumira. Nepo vagadziri vanowanzo kurudzira maOEM brand zvikamu, zvikepe zvinorairwa zvakasimba kuti zvishandise zvikamu zvakatenderwa neOEM.
"Detroit inokurudzira zvakasimba kushandisa fekitari-yakatenderwa zvikamu zvesevhisi yese uye kugadzirisa pane zvigadzirwa zvedu," akadaro Copeland. “Mapatsi akatenderwa nefekitari anowanzo mativi mamwe chete akaiswa mukutanga kuvakwa kwechikamu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvikamu zvacho zvine bvunzo dzakasimba uye zvidzoreso zvemhando yepamusoro sezvakavakwa nefekitari yedu. "
"Unowana chaunobhadharira," Toninato akawedzera. Zvikamu zvemutengo wepamusoro zvinowanzopa zvinhu zviri nani uye zvirinani kuvharwa kwewaranti, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kushandisa mari yakawedzerwa kumberi kudzivirira zvingangoitika mune ramangwana.
Kune maAMTs, zvakakosha zvakanyanya kushandisa clutch yakasanganiswa nehurongwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuita, Parsons akadaro. Izvi zvinogona kuoneka maererano nekutyaira, ruzha/vibration/hasha (NVH), kunyaradza, uye hupenyu hweclutch.
Akawedzera kuti kune manyorerwo ekufambisa, kushandisa clutch chaiyo yechishandiso kunovimbisa hupenyu hurefu, kunyatso dhiraivha uye kuita, uye kuita mushe.
"Pamashandisirwo ese ari maviri, kana clutch chaiyo ikasashandiswa iyo yakazara dhiraivha iri panjodzi nekuda kwekuwedzeredza torsional vibrations," Parsons akadaro. "Izvi zvinoreva kuti hupenyu hwese hwekutyaira hungave panjodzi."
Maitiro akanakisa ekugadzirisa clutch
Nyaya dzeClutch dzinogona kudziviswa, kazhinji, nekushandisa maitiro ekudzivirira akakodzera ekuchengetedza. Muzviitiko zvese, zvakakosha kutevedzera yakakurudzirwa mugadziri nguva dzekugadzirisa.
“Chokutanga uye chakakosha, gara uchitevera zvose yakadhinda nguva dzekuchengetedza kwekutapurirana kwako," Copeland akasimbisa. "Nguva nenguva ongorora ese anoshanda paramita yezvikamu zvishoma mukati mezvikepe zvako kuti ubatsire kugadzirisa nguva yako yekugadzirisa kune mashandiro emotokari yako. Clutches inoda kugadziriswa sezvavanopfeka; mamwe ma<em>clutch anoda kugadziridzwa nemaoko sezvaanopfeka, uye mamwe ane mabatiro anozvigadzirisa.”
Iyo yekuzvigadzirisa-yega basa - mumafambisirwo akashongedzerwa neiyo ficha - inobvumira iyo clutch kuti igare iri mukugadzirisa kwekutanga, akawedzera.
Pamusoro pekugadzirisa nguva dzose, maclutches anoda kugara achizora.
"Kune ese ari maviri emhando dzeclutches, zvikepe zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza kwakaringana lubrication yehurongwa hwekuburitsa kudzivirira kusunungurwa kutakura kupfeka," Parsons akatsanangura.
Chekupedzisira, marudzi ese ekutapurirana anoda kuti mvura yekufambisa ichinje nguva nenguva. Zvekare, zvikepe zvinofanirwa kutarisa kune rekutumira bhuku renguva dzinokurudzirwa.
Nepo icho chikamu chakagadzirirwa kupfeka uye chinogona kupedzisira chichida kutsiviwa, kutevedzera aya akanakisa maitiro anogona kubatsira zvikepe kuti zviwane hupenyu hwepamusoro kubva kune yavo yekufambisa yemaoko uye maClutches eAMT.