Miao
A semi-automatic kis tau tus mob yog a ntau-ceev kis tau tus mob qhov twg ib feem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog tsis siv neeg (feem ntau yog qhov actuation ntawm lub clutch), tab sis tus neeg tsav tsheb cov tswv yim tseem yuav tsum tau tso lub tsheb los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab hloov lub zog manually. Semi-automatic kis tau tus mob yuav luag tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv maus taus thiab yog raws li cov pa phau ntawv kis tau tus mob los yog kev sib txuas lus sib txuas, tab sis siv lub tshuab tsis siv neeg clutch. Tab sis qee qhov kev sib kis semi-automatic kuj tau ua raws li tus qauv hydraulic tsis siv neeg kis nrog torque converters thiab planetary gearsets.
Cov npe rau cov hom tshwj xeeb ntawm semi-automatic kis tau tus mob suav nrog clutchless phau ntawv,auto-manual,auto-clutch phau ntawv,thiab paddle-hloov kev sib kis.[8][9][10] Cov tshuab no pab txhawb kev hloov pauv rau tus neeg tsav tsheb los ntawm kev khiav haujlwm ntawm lub clutch txiav, feem ntau ntawm hloov uas trigger ib tus actuator los yog servo, thaum tseem xav tau tus tsav tsheb manually hloov lub zog. Qhov no sib piv nrog a preselector gearbox, nyob rau hauv uas tus neeg tsav tsheb khiav lub clutch thiab xaiv lub gearbox tom ntej, tab sis lub iav hloov nyob rau hauv lub kis tau tus mob yog ua tiav.
Thawj qhov kev siv ntawm semi-automatic kis tau tus mob yog nyob rau hauv tsheb, nce nyob rau hauv muaj koob meej nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1930s thaum lawv tau muab los ntawm ob peb American tsheb manufacturers. Tsis tshua muaj ntau dua li cov khoom siv hydraulic tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob, semi-automatic kis tau tus mob txawm li cas los xij tau muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsheb thiab maus taus qauv thiab tseem nyob rau hauv ntau lawm thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 21st. Semi-automatic kis tau tus mob nrog paddle ua haujlwm tau siv ntau yam Cov tsheb sib tw, thiab tau xub qhia thawj zaug los tswj lub tshuab hluav taws xob-hydraulic iav hloov tshuab ntawm lub Ferrari 640 Formula One tsheb nyob rau hauv 1989. Cov tshuab no yog tam sim no siv rau ntau hom kev sib tw tsheb sib tw saum toj kawg nkaus; suav nrog Formula One, IndyCar, thiab ncig saib tsheb sib tw. Lwm daim ntawv thov muaj xws li maus taus, tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb npav, thiab tsheb ciav hlau.
Semi-automatics yooj yim dua iav hloov los ntawm kev tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom poob siab rau lub clutch pedal lossis qib siab tib lub sijhawm hloov cov iav. Feem ntau cov tsheb uas muaj kev sib kis ntawm ib nrab tsis siv neeg tsis haum nrog tus qauv clutch pedal txij li lub clutch yog tswj tau nyob deb. Ib yam li ntawd, feem ntau cov maus taus uas muaj kev sib kis ntawm ib nrab tsis siv neeg tsis haum nrog cov pa clutch lever ntawm lub handlebar.
Feem ntau semi-automatic kis tau tus mob yog raws li cov pa phau ntawv kis tau tus mob. Lawv tuaj yeem ua ib feem ntawm kev sib kis. Thaum lub clutch ua automated, kis tau tus mob yuav semi-automatic. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuab no tseem xav tau kev xaiv cov iav los ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb. Hom kev kis no hu ua a clutchless phau ntawv los yog ib automated phau ntawv.
Feem ntau semi-automatic kis tau tus mob nyob rau hauv cov laus neeg nrog caij tsheb khaws cia ib txwm H-hom shifter ntawm ib tug phau ntawv kis tau tus mob; Zoo sib xws, semi-automatic kis tau tus mob ntawm cov laus maus taus khaws cov pa pa taw-ua haujlwm qib, xws li nyob rau hauv lub maus taus nrog ib tug tag nrho phau ntawv kis tau tus mob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuab semi-automatics hauv cov tsheb maus taus tshiab, cov tsheb sib tw, thiab lwm hom tsheb feem ntau siv cov kev xaiv iav xws li hloov paddles ze ntawm lub kauj tsheb los yog ua rau ze ntawm handlebars.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
Ntau hom kev sib txawv ntawm automation rau clutch actuation tau siv ntau xyoo, los ntawm hydraulic, pneumatic, thiab electromechanical clutches rau lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum,[18] electromagnetic, thiab txawm centrifugal clutches. Cov kua dej sib txuas (feem ntau thiab yav tas los siv nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob) kuj tau siv los ntawm ntau manufacturers, feem ntau nrog rau ib co ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev sib txhuam clutch, los tiv thaiv lub tsheb los ntawm stalking thaum los txog rau ib tug standstill los yog ntawm tsis ua haujlwm.
Ib qho kev tsim qauv siv hluav taws xob semi-automatic yuav ua haujlwm los ntawm kev siv Hall effect sensors los yog micro hloov txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov kev thov hloov pauv thaum siv lub iav nplaum. Cov sensors 'tso zis, ua ke nrog cov zis los ntawm lub sensor txuas nrog lub gearbox uas ntsuas nws tam sim no ceev thiab iav, yog pub rau hauv a transmission control unit, electronic control unit, engine tswj chav tsev, los yog microprocessor,[19][20] los yog lwm hom kev tswj hluav taws xob. Qhov kev tswj hwm no mam li txiav txim siab lub sijhawm zoo thiab lub zog xav tau rau kev sib koom ua ke du.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob ua rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, uas cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam cov clutch kom zoo. Qee zaum, lub clutch yog actuated los ntawm a servomotor ua ke rau ib qho kev npaj rau a linear actuator, uas, ntawm a hydraulic lub tog raj kheej puv nrog hydraulic kua los ntawm braking system, disengages lub clutch. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, lub hauv paus clutch actuator tuaj yeem ua hluav taws xob tag nrho, qhov twg lub ntsiab clutch actuator yog siv los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog los yog solenoid, lossis txawm pneumatic, qhov twg lub ntsiab clutch actuator yog a pneumatic actuator uas disengages lub clutch.
Lub clutchless phau ntawv system, npe hu ua Autostick, yog ib tug semi-automatic kis tau tus mob qhia los ntawm Volkswagen rau xyoo 1968. Marketed li cov Volkswagen Tsis Siv Neeg Stickshift, ib qho kev sib txuas lus peb-ceev phau ntawv tau txuas nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev tsis siv neeg clutch. Sab saum toj ntawm lub iav nplaum yog tsim los ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab qhib lub tshuab hluav taws xob, piv txwv li thaum kov ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb txhais tes. Thaum nias, qhov hloov pauv ua haujlwm 12-volt solenoid, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua lub tshuab nqus tsev clutch actuator, yog li disengaging lub clutch thiab tso cai rau hloov ntawm lub zog. Nrog tus neeg tsav tsheb txhais tes tshem tawm ntawm lub gearshift, lub clutch yuav rov ua dua tshiab. Cov kis tau tus mob kuj tau nruab nrog lub torque converter, tso cai rau lub tsheb mus nyob rau hauv lub iav zoo li nrog ib tug tsis siv neeg, nrog rau nres thiab pib ntawm ib tug standstill nyob rau hauv tej iav.[21][22][23]
Pib thaum xyoo 1990s, cov tuam txhab tsim tsheb tau qhia txog qhov tam sim no hu ua automated phau ntawv kis tau tus mob (AMT), uas yog mechanically zoo ib yam li, thiab muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv, ua ntej clutchless phau ntawv kis tshuab. AMT ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li qub semi-automatic thiab clutchless phau ntawv kis tau tus mob, tab sis muaj ob qho kev zam; Nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ob qho tib si khiav lub clutch thiab hloov pauv tau, thiab tsis siv lub zog hloov pauv. Kev hloov pauv yog ua tiav los ntawm ib qho transmission control unit (TCU), los yog manually los ntawm ob qho tib si hloov pob qhov rooj lossis hloov paddles mounted qab lub kauj. AMTs muab cov roj efficiency ntawm phau ntawv kis tau tus mob nrog rau kev hloov yooj yim ntawm kev sib kis tsis siv neeg. Lawv qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tsis zoo hloov pauv kev nplij siab vim tias lub tshuab clutch raug tshem tawm los ntawm TCU, uas yooj yim pom tau tias "jolting".[xav tau kev sau ntawv] Qee cov neeg siv kis tau tus mob tau sim daws qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev siv lub nplhaib sib xyaw ua ke thiab tsis qhib lub clutch thaum hloov pauv - uas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav, tab sis txij li xyoo 2007, tsis tau muaj cov tsheb ntau lawm nrog cov haujlwm zoo li no.[xav tau kev hloov tshiab] Nyob rau hauv cov neeg nrog caij tsheb, niaj hnub AMTs feem ntau muaj rau speeds (txawm hais tias ib txhia muaj xya) thiab ib tug ntev gearing. Nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov kev pab cuam ntse hloov, qhov no tuaj yeem txo qis kev siv roj ntau. Feem ntau, muaj ob hom AMTs: integrated AMTs thiab add-on AMTs. Kev koom ua ke AMTs tau tsim los ua AMTs siab, qhov ntxiv-ntawm AMTs yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv kev sib kis mus rau AMTs.[xav tau kev sau ntawv]
Ib qho automated phau ntawv kis tau tus mob yuav muaj xws li ib tug tag nrho tsis siv neeg hom uas tus neeg tsav tsheb tsis tas yuav hloov lub zog txhua.[24] Cov kis tau tus mob no tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li tus qauv kev sib kis nrog kev siv lub tshuab clutch thiab automated gear shift control, cia lawv ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li kev sib kis tsis siv neeg. Lub TCU cia li hloov lub zog yog, piv txwv li, lub cav yog redlined. Lub AMT tuaj yeem hloov mus rau lub clutchless phau ntawv hom nyob rau hauv ib qho tuaj yeem nce lossis nqis siv lub console-mounted shift selector lossis paddle shifters.[25] Nws muaj tus nqi qis dua li cov pa tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob.[26]
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob (cov npe lag luam suav nrog SMG-III) tsis yog yuav tsum tsis meej pem nrog "manumatic" tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob (ua lag luam raws li cov npe lag luam xws li Tiptronic, Steptronic, Sportmatic, thiab Geartronic). Thaum cov tshuab no zoo li superficially zoo li, ib tug manumatic siv lub torque converter zoo li ib tug tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob, es tsis txhob ntawm lub clutch siv nyob rau hauv lub automated phau ntawv kis tau tus mob. Ib phau ntawv qhia kev siv lub tshuab tuaj yeem muab tus neeg tsav tsheb tswj tag nrho ntawm kev xaiv lub iav, whereas ib tug manumatic yuav tsis kam hloov iav thov uas yuav ua rau lub cav nres (los ntawm tsawg dhau. RPM) los yog over-revving. [24] Cov hom tsis siv neeg ntawm ib qho kev siv phau ntawv kis tau tus mob ntawm qhov qis lossis nquag nres pib nrawm yog tsawg dua li ntawm manumatics thiab lwm yam tsis siv neeg kis.
Ob peb semi-automatic kis tau tus mob siv los ntawm maus taus thiab kev sib tw tsheb yog tiag tiag mechanically raws li ua raws li phau ntawv kis. Semi-automatic maus taus kis tau tus mob feem ntau tshem tawm lub clutch lever, tab sis khaws cov pa pob taws-thiab-ntiv taw taw tes taw.
Semi-automatic maus taus kis tau tus mob yog raws li cov pa ib ntus phau ntawv kis tau tus mob thiab feem ntau siv ib tug centrifugal clutch.[34] Thaum tsis muaj zog, lub cav raug txiav tawm ntawm lub gearbox input ncej, tso cai rau nws thiab lub tsheb kauj vab mus. freewheel, tsis zoo li nrog torque converter automatics, tsis muaj idle creep nrog kev kho kom zoo centrifugal clutch. Raws li lub cav ceev nce, counterweights nyob rau hauv lub clutch sib dhos maj mam pivot ntxiv mus rau sab nraud kom txog rau thaum lawv pib sib cuag nrog lub sab hauv ntawm lub sab nrauv vaj tse thiab kis tau tus nqi ntawm lub engine zog thiab torque. Qhov zoo "tom point" lossis "tom qab taw tes"[35] yog pom tau los ntawm kev sib npaug, qhov twg lub hwj chim kis tau los ntawm (tseem-slipping) clutch yog sib npaug ntawm lub cav tuaj yeem muab tau. Qhov no tso cai rau tus ceev tag nrho-throttle tshem tawm (nrog rau lub clutch kho kom lub cav nyob rau ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws torque) tsis muaj lub cav qeeb los yog raug bogged, nrog rau ntau so pib thiab qis-ceev maneuvers ntawm qis throttle thiab RPMs.
Xyoo 1901, Amédée Bollee tsim ib txoj hauv kev hloov lub zog uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv lub clutch thiab tau qhib los ntawm lub nplhaib mounted hauv lub kauj.[36] Ib lub tsheb uas siv qhov system no yog xyoo 1912 Bollee Hom F Torpedo.
Ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm thawj pawg tsim tawm hydraulic tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob (the General Motors Hydra-Matic) nyob rau xyoo 1940, ntau lub tuam txhab Asmeskas tau muab ntau yam khoom siv los txo cov clutch lossis hloov cov tswv yim xav tau.[37] Cov cuab yeej no tau npaj los txo qhov nyuaj ntawm kev khiav haujlwm unsynchronised phau ntawv kis tau tus mob, los yog "crash gearboxes", uas tau nquag siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nres-pib tsav tsheb.
Ib kauj ruam ntxov ntawm kev sib kis tau zoo yog xyoo 1933-1935 LANGUAGE Tus kheej hloov,[38][39][40][41] uas tau hloov pauv ntawm ob lub zog rau pem hauv ntej hauv hom "forward" (lossis nruab nrab ntawm ob lub voj voog luv luv hauv "kev kub ceev qis" hom). Sawv ntsug pib xav kom tus neeg tsav tsheb siv lub clutch pedal. Tus kheej-Shifter thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1933 thiab tau muab raws li tus qauv ntawm Royale thiab raws li kev xaiv ntawm Flying Cloud S-4.[42]
Xyoo 1937, plaub-ceev Oldsmobile Tsis siv neeg kev nyab xeeb kis tau tus mob nyob rau hauv lub Oldsmobile Six thiab Oldsmobile Yim qauv.[38] Nws siv lub planetary gearset nrog lub clutch pedal rau pib los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab hloov ntawm qhov "qis" thiab "siab".[43][44][45] Tsis siv neeg kev nyab xeeb kis tau tus mob tau hloov los ntawm tag nrho-automatic Hydra-Matic rau 1940 qauv xyoo.[46][47]
Xyoo 1938-1939 Buick Tshwj Xeeb tau muaj nrog lwm tus Self-Shifter 4-speed semi-automatic kis tau tus mob,[48][49][50] uas siv ib phau ntawv clutch rau pib ntawm standstill thiab ib tug automated clutch rau iav hloov.
Xyoo 1941 Chrysler M4 Vacamatic kis tau tus mob yog ob-ceev phau ntawv kis tau tus mob nrog ib tug tseem ceeb underdrive unit, ib txwm phau ntawv clutch, thiab ib tug kua coupling ntawm lub cav thiab lub clutch.[51][52][53] Qhov kev sib kis ntawm ob-ceev tau muaj "siab" thiab "qis" ntau yam, thiab lub clutch tau siv thaum tus tsav tsheb xav hloov ntawm ntau yam. Rau kev tsav tsheb ib txwm, tus neeg tsav tsheb yuav nias lub clutch, xaiv qhov siab ntau, thiab tom qab ntawd tso lub clutch. Thaum lub accelerator raug nias, cov kua dej sib txuas yuav koom nrog thiab lub tsheb yuav pib mus rau pem hauv ntej, nrog rau lub underdrive unit tau koom ua ke los muab cov iav qis dua. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 15–20 mph (24–32 km / h), tus neeg tsav tsheb yuav tshem tawm lub accelerator thiab lub underdrive unit yuav disengage. Lub Vacamatic tau hloov los ntawm qhov zoo sib xws M6 Presto-Matic kis tau tus mob rau xyoo 1946 qauv.
Cov qauv zoo sib xws tau siv rau xyoo 1941-1950 Hudson Tsav-Master[54][55] thiab txoj hmoo phem 1942 Lincoln Liquimatic.[56][57] Ob qho no ua ke nrog 3-ceev phau ntawv kis tau tus mob nrog automated hloov ntawm 2nd thiab 3rd zog, es tsis txhob ntawm Vacamatic lub "underdrive" chav tsev.
Lub Packard Electro-Matic, tau qhia hauv xyoo 1941 Ntim Clipper thiab Packard 180, yog ib qho clutchless phau ntawv kis tau tus mob thaum ntxov uas siv cov tsoos kev sib txhuam clutch nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev tsis siv neeg, uas tau tswj los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub accelerator.
Cov cov khoom siv tsheb Manumatic system, muaj nyob rau hauv 1953 Ford Anglia 100E, yog lub tshuab nqus tsev tsis siv neeg clutch uas tau ua los ntawm kev hloov pauv uas tau tshwm sim thaum twg lub iav nplaum tau txav mus. Lub kaw lus tuaj yeem tswj lub tshuab hluav taws xob (kom lub cav ntawm qhov xav tau RPM rau lub iav hloov) thiab sib txawv tus nqi ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.[58] Txoj kev ua tiav Newtondrive, muaj nyob rau xyoo 1957-1958 Ford Anglia, kuj muaj kev pab rau choke tswj. Ib yam khoom zoo sib xws yog German Saxomat tsis siv neeg clutch system, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1950s thiab muaj nyob rau ntau yam European tsheb.[59]
Cov Citroën DS, pib hauv 1955, siv a hydraulic system nrog lub hydraulically-ua hauj lwm ceev maub los thiab idle speed-up ntaus ntawv los xaiv lub zog thiab ua hauj lwm rau lwm yam pa clutch. Qhov no tso cai rau clutchless hloov nrog ib leeg kem-mounted selector, thaum tus tsav tsheb ib txhij nqa tawm lub accelerator los hloov iav. Cov kab ke no tau hu ua "Citro-Matic" hauv Asmeskas
Rau xyoo 1962, American Motors qhia E-Stick, uas tshem tawm cov clutch pedal nyob rau hauv Rambler Asmeskas nrog tus qauv peb-ceev phau ntawv kis tau tus mob.[60] Qhov no tsis siv neeg clutch siv lub cav roj siab raws li qhov chaw hydraulic thiab muaj nyob rau tsawg dua $ 60.[61] Piv nrog rau kev xa tawm tsis siv neeg lub sijhawm, E-Stick muab cov roj kev lag luam ntawm lub log-hloov, nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab hluav taws xob tswj lub clutch. E-Stick peb-ceev kis tau tus mob tau muab rau ntawm qhov loj dua Rambler Classic qauv, nrog rau ib qho overdrive unit.[62] Lub kaw lus tsuas yog muaj nrog 6-lub tog raj kheej cav, thiab qhov tsis muaj clutch ua pov thawj tsis muaj neeg nyiam, yog li nws tau txiav tawm tom qab xyoo 1964.[63]
Xyoo 1967 Volkswagen WSK (Hloov clutch kis tau tus mob; Lus Askiv: Torque converter hloov / clutch gearbox), siv nyob rau hauv Kab, Hom 3 thiab Karmann Ghia, yog ib tug thawj gearboxes ntawm nws hom, nrog ib tug tsis siv neeg mechanical clutch thiab ib tug torque converter. Nws kuj hu ua tus Autostick. Kev hloov pauv tau ua tiav manually los ntawm tus tsav tsheb. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis siv neeg clutch tso cai rau lub tsheb kom nrawm los ntawm qhov nres, thaum lub torque converter enabled nws ua li ntawd hauv txhua lub iav. Dampening cav vibrations thiab muab lub zog sib npaug, nws ua haujlwm raws li "txo gearbox", yog li qhov tseeb txhua yam iav tsuas xav tau peb lub zog rau pem hauv ntej (qhov no yog vim li cas cov pa tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob nrog lub zog hloov pauv ib txwm muaj tsawg dua lub zog tshaj li kev sib kis ntawm phau ntawv). WSK tsis muaj "thawj" iav; Hloov chaw, thawj lub iav tau hloov mus rau hauv cov iav thim rov qab, thiab lub iav thib ob tau sau npe ua ntej (nrog rau lub zog thib peb thiab plaub raws li tau sau npe thib ob thiab thib peb).[64]
Cov Chevrolet Torque-Drive kis tau tus mob, qhia txog xyoo 1968 Chevrolet Nova thiab Camaro, yog ib qho ntawm ob peb tus piv txwv uas ib qho kev sib kis tsis siv neeg tau ua raws li cov qauv hydraulic tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob (tsis yog tus qauv kev sib kis ntawm phau ntawv). Lub Torque-Drive yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 2-ceev Powerglide tsis siv neeg kis tau tus mob yam tsis muaj lub tshuab nqus tsev modulator, xav kom tus neeg tsav tsheb manually hloov lub zog ntawm "Low" thiab "High". Qhov taw qhia quadrant ntawm Torque-Drive tsheb yog "Park-RN-Hi-1st". Tus neeg tsav tsheb yuav pib lub tsheb nyob rau hauv "1st," ces txav lub lever mus rau "Zoo" thaum xav tau. Lub Torque-Drive tau txiav tawm thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1971 thiab hloov los ntawm ib txwm siv hydraulic tsis siv neeg kis. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm kev sib kis ib nrab tsis siv neeg raws li hydraulic automatics yog Ford 3-speed Semi-Automatic Kis siv nyob rau hauv 1970-1971. Ford Maverick, thaum ntxov versions ntawm Honda lub 1972-1988 Hondamatic 2-ceev thiab 3-ceev kis tau tus mob, thiab cov Daihatsu Diamatic 2-ceev kis tau tus mob siv nyob rau hauv 1985-1991 Daihatsu Charade.